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Infection

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Invasion of the host organism by microorganisms that can cause pathological conditions or diseases.

Also Known As:

Infections

Networked: 270416 relevant articles (17293 outcomes, 24634 trials/studies) for this Disease, Comments

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Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Infection
2.	Neoplasms (Cancer)
3.	Human Influenza (Influenza)
4.	Pneumonia (Pneumonitis)
5.	Hepatitis B

Experts

1.	Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): 95 articles (10/2012 - 01/2000)
2.	Akira, Shizuo: 88 articles (11/2012 - 07/2002)
3.	Diamond, Michael S: 53 articles (12/2012 - 01/2003)
4.	Kohno, Shigeru: 52 articles (11/2012 - 03/2002)
5.	Jones, Ronald N: 52 articles (09/2012 - 02/2002)
6.	Walker, Bruce D: 52 articles (08/2012 - 04/2002)
7.	Walsh, Thomas J: 51 articles (02/2012 - 01/2002)
8.	Osterhaus, Albert D M E: 47 articles (01/2013 - 04/2002)
9.	Parvizi, Javad: 46 articles (10/2012 - 12/2002)
10.	Falagas, Matthew E: 45 articles (12/2012 - 01/2005)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Infection:

1.	Anti-Bacterial Agents (Antibiotics)IBA 01/01/2010 - "Since the beginning of the 80s, numerous clinical trials have shown a significant reduction in the incidence of infections in clean-contaminated upper respiratory tract surgery, due to perioperative use of antibiotics; however, there is no consensus about the best antibiotic protocol. " 11/01/1999 - "taking into account the small amount of infection eradication treatments carried out in our country and some characteristics arising from the resistances to some antibiotics, the Spanish Club for the Study of Helicobacter pylori decided to organize a Spanish Consensus Conference to clarify the use of the different infection diagnostic tests, to establish the exact indications of its diagnosis and treatment, to recommend the best treatment guidelines for our country and to promote the use of eradication treatments in adequate indications. " 01/01/2012 - "Beta-lactam antibiotics display time-dependant pharmacodynamics whereby constant antibiotic concentrations rather than high peak concentrations are most likely to result in effective treatment of infections caused by susceptible bacteria. " 04/01/2006 - "Cultures of aspirated joint fluid can be especially helpful for patients who have symptoms suggestive of infection, but their results are best interpreted two weeks after administration of antibiotics has been discontinued. " 03/30/2006 - "However, the rapid onset of resistance to most antibacterial drugs diminishes their effectiveness considerably and necessitates a constant supply of new antibiotics for effective treatment of infections. " Order ALL the reference details at left...
2.	AntigensIBA 04/01/2009 - "In this study, we evaluated the protective efficacy of immunizing mice with caseinolytic protease (ClpP) protein antigen whose gene sequences were shown to be highly conserved in different strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae in an invasive-disease model (intraperitoneal infection model), and protection against invasive challenge with 12 different serotypes of S. " 08/01/1998 - "b) Immunological study: detection of circulating antigen on the 3rd, 5th, 7th and 9th day p.i. The results showed that IL-2 was most effective when administered before and after infection in the form of significant reduction in parasitic count, least number of living tachyzoites, significant reduction in the death rate of infected mice and delayed appearance of circulating antigen with reduction in its level." 12/01/1992 - "Direct detection of respiratory syncytial (RS) virus antigen in nasopharyngeal secretions (NPS) provides the most rapid diagnostic test for RS infection, but more sensitive methods might be more beneficial in the study of virus shedding. " 11/01/2012 - "Screening patients for subclinical cryptococcal infection at the time of entry into antiretroviral therapy programs using cryptococcal antigen (CRAG) immunoassays is highly effective in identifying patients at risk of developing CM, allowing these patients to then be targeted with "preemptive" therapy to prevent the development of severe disease. " 06/01/2011 - "The results suggest that AMH consisting of HspX, the antigen highly expressed in dormant bacilli, could be combined with antigens from replicating bacilli to enhance BCG primed immunity so as to provide better protection against both growing and non-growing bacteria that occur during the infection process." Order ALL the reference details at left...
3.	VaccinesIBA 06/01/2011 - "By taking into account the leading role of specific cellular immunity in the development of protection against the majority of dangerous and extremely dangerous infections of bacterial, viral, and rickettsial nature, the study of the above immunity should be considered as most important on estimating the body's immunological rearrangement when vaccines against respective infections are administered. " 09/01/2006 - "Preventive vaccines against HPVs 16 and 18 have been developed, and in phase III clinical trials they have demonstrated 100% efficacy for prevention of persistent infection and high risk cervical squamous intraepithelial neoplasias positive for these HPV types, suggesting that these vaccines, if made widely available, will dramatically reduce the burden of CC." 02/01/2004 - "With the use of a virtually identical study design, vaccines against Hib were shown to be highly effective in preventing invasive Hib infections but were not effective in preventing invasive infections due to S. " 09/01/2012 - "There is no cure for HPV but vaccines are available to prevent infection by the most common HPV viruses; unfortunately, usage is low. " 12/01/2011 - "Available data show that current HBV-A2 vaccines are highly effective in preventing infections and clinical disease caused by all known HBV genotypes." Order ALL the reference details at left...
4.	AntibodiesIBA 01/01/2008 - "Immunogenicity evaluations in human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine trials have relied on serological samples, yet cervical antibodies are likely to be most relevant for protection against infection. " 10/18/2012 - "HIV-1-specific antibodies and CD8(+) cytotoxic T cells are detected in most HIV-1-infected people, yet HIV-1 infection is not eradicated. " 03/01/2008 - "infantum seropositivity is most probably the expression of recent infection because the clearance of serum antibodies is rather fast (6-12 months) after VL. " 11/01/2006 - "Most women have antibodies to HSV-1, which is partially protective against HSV-2 infection. " 08/01/2002 - "Antibodies highly effective in SCID mice during infection by the intracellular bacterium Ehrlichia chaffeensis are of picomolar affinity and exhibit preferential epitope and isotype utilization." Order ALL the reference details at left...
5.	DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)IBA 10/01/2003 - "New tools of coproantigen and copro-DNA detection for vulpine infections have proved highly beneficial in epidemiological and transmission ecology studies, as has a landscape ecology approach to develop risk models for communities in endemic areas. " 05/16/2003 - "In this study we evaluated the efficacy of DNA vaccination of IFN-gamma knockout (GKO) mice against Listeria monocytogenes, as these immunodeficient mice are highly susceptible to infection with low numbers of this intracellular bacterial pathogen. " 05/22/2000 - "These studies demonstrate that immunization with DNA encoding a type-specific gene may not be effective against either homologous or heterologous strains of virus, particularly if the challenge virus causes a highly lethal infection. " 01/26/2004 - "Sub-fragments of the envelope gene are highly protective against the Japanese encephalitis virus lethal infection in DNA priming--protein boosting immunization strategies." 03/01/2002 - "Three immunizations with either pp89, M84, or pp89 plus M84 DNA also provided significant protection against MCMV infection for at least 6 months, with the best protection produced by coimmunization. " Order ALL the reference details at left...
6.	InterferonsIBA 01/01/2010 - "All the 5 interferon inducible genes are highly expressed in SLE patients, in which ISG15 and LY6E are independently associated with disease flare, while OASL may be helpful for the evaluation of infection in SLE patients." 01/01/2010 - "Treatment of acute HCV infection with interferon-based therapy has been shown to be highly efficacious, with sustained virological response rates in between 60% and 70% of HIV-positive individuals. " 10/01/1998 - "In the context of viral infections, interferons alpha and beta (IFN-alpha/beta) are induced to high levels, and help to mediate and regulate immune responses most effective against this class of agents. " 01/01/1996 - "Here, treatment of the HCV infection with interferon may led to striking remission in associated vascular lesions. " 04/01/1990 - "Lymphoblastoid or recombinant alpha-interferons are the best option at present and offer up to a 50% chance of long-term inhibition of HBV replication (with only minor side-effects) in patients who acquire the infection in adulthood. " Order ALL the reference details at left...
7.	Immunoglobulin G (IgG)IBA 03/01/1990 - "Protection against infection correlated with rotavirus antibody, most significantly (P = .005) serum rotavirus IgG. In this study, 20 previously challenged subjects were reinoculated with the same virus 9-12 months after their initial challenge. " 01/23/2006 - "The B cell-deficient mice displayed impaired T cell priming and dramatically reduced IFN-gamma production, and these deficits were normalized by infection with IgG-opsonized parasites. " 01/01/1998 - "In pregnant women, measurement of the IgG avidity may help to date a HCMV infection, an AI > 65% highly suggests a past infection while an AI < 50% corresponds to a recent primary infection." 08/01/1990 - "High-dose intravenous immunoglobulin therapy is highly effective in PRCA associated with parvovirus B19 infections and impaired IgG-antibody response. " 01/01/2007 - "This review highlights findings from international studies and demonstrates that: (i) SCIG therapy is safe, with very few adverse effects; (ii) the therapy can be used for patients with previous adverse effects to intravenous administration of IgG; (iii) the therapy leads to high serum IgG levels and good protection against infections; (iv) the therapy facilitates home therapy, as the infusion technique is easy for children, adults and elderly people to learn and there is no need for venous access; (v) SCIG home therapy leads to significantly improved life situations for the patients; (vi) the SCIG home therapy regimen in particular reduces the costs of treatment." Order ALL the reference details at left...
8.	Vancomycin FDA LinkGeneric 11/01/2012 - "For infections potentially attributable to gram-positive bacteria, vancomycin is commonly used because it will be effective for highly resistant strains such as MRSA and multidrug-resistant S pneumoniae. " 01/01/2012 - "It has not yet been approved for treatment of infections of this type, but it is starting to be used in this area due to being highly effective against methicillin-resistant bacteria with intermediate sensitivity to vancomycin, particularly when the bacteria are associated with biofilm formation." 08/01/2008 - "From a laboratory perspective, retrieval of serum both pre- and post-administration of vancomycin is most helpful in determining a patient's drug-immunization status and can help guide safe drug use during future infections." 12/01/1996 - "Vancomycin is effective and safe in the treatment of serious infections in extremely low birthweight infants." 02/01/1995 - "It is as effective as vancomycin for most indications, is safe, easy to administer and an important agent for treating Gram-positive infections. " Order ALL the reference details at left...
9.	Ribavirin (Virazole)FDA LinkGeneric 03/01/2008 - "This study shows that a combination therapy of peginterferon and ribavirin is highly effective for chronic HCV infection, producing a high SVR and ETR." 01/01/2004 - "The most effective treatment for chronic HCV infection is combination antiviral therapy with peginterferon and ribavirin. " 02/01/1993 - "The nucleoside analog--ribavirin--was highly effective against Caraparu virus in repeated treatment schedules begun on either day -1, day 0, or day +1 of infection. " 09/01/2008 - "Current standard treatment with a combination of IFN-alpha and ribavirin has improved the prognosis for many HCV sufferers; however, infection is very difficult to treat successfully and the protocol for treatment is neither simple, well tolerated nor economically favorable. " 07/21/1998 - "NIH351 was 50- to 90-fold more potent against RSV strain A2 than was ribavirin, the presently approved drug for clinical management of RSV infection. " Order ALL the reference details at left...
10.	Ciprofloxacin (Cipro)FDA LinkGeneric 12/16/2004 - "Our patient was successfully treated with ciprofloxacin, which is effective against Francisella tularensis and most pathogens associated with feline infections. " 02/01/1994 - "Ciprofloxacin is an effective treatment for those infections most common in elderly patients, including infections of the urinary tract, lower respiratory tract, skin and soft-tissues, and bone and joints, and is an effective agent for prophylaxis in transurethral surgery. " 11/01/1992 - "Overall, the results show that ciprofloxacin is effective in killing methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus, and is most effective when applied during the very early stages of infection." 12/01/1989 - "It is concluded that a single 250 mg dose of ciprofloxacin is effective for treatment in most women with acute UTI, but in women with recurrent infection a 750 mg dose is preferable." 01/01/1987 - "Ciprofloxacin was well tolerated and effective in most of the ambulatory patients with refractory Gram-negative bacillary infection. " Order ALL the reference details at left...

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Transplants (Transplant) 12/01/2010 - "A primary goal in organ transplant is the prevention or effective treatment of infection, which is the most common life-threatening complication of long-term immunosuppressive therapy. " 03/01/2001 - "The D-/R- group had the best outcomes, with no CMV infection, improved kidney graft survival at the end of follow-up (82% vs. 72%, P=0.04) and the highest event-free survival (no CMV infection, rejection, or graft loss) when compared to the other groups (76% vs. 33%, P<0.01). " 06/01/1999 - "Our method of extensive disinfection followed by tissue flap coverage of the graft proved to be highly effective in controlling the serious complication of graft infection associated with surgery of the thoracic aorta." 07/01/1991 - "Leukocyte-depleted platelets plus CMV-seronegative red blood cells are highly effective in preventing primary CMV infection after marrow transplant." 04/01/2001 - "Although fungal prophylaxis has been proven effective in certain high-risk patients such as bone marrow transplant patients, few studies have focused on surgical patients and prevention of fungal infection. " Order ALL the reference details at left...
2.	Drug Therapy (Chemotherapy) 01/01/2012 - "Our data demonstrate that, at least for this mouse model, aggressive chemotherapy leads to very effective transmission of highly resistant parasites that are present in an infection, the very parasites which undermine the long term efficacy of front-line drugs." 03/01/2001 - "Secondary HLH most commonly results from viral infections and some patients may be cured by treating the causative organism, others will need chemotherapy and immunosuppression. " 12/01/1998 - "Until community sanitation can be improved, community treatment by chemotherapy and improvements in personal hygiene through health education remain the most affordable, effective strategies for controlling helminth infections in Egypt. " 10/01/1997 - "An accelerated decline in the annual risk of infection in England and Wales from 1950 probably resulted from the introduction of chemotherapy, which dramatically reduced the prevalence of sources of infection in the population. " 02/01/1990 - "The 10-14 year age group had the highest transmission potential, in terms of prevalence (overall 25%), intensity of infection, and absolute numbers of infected individuals, suggesting that screening and chemotherapy would be most cost-effective in that age group." Order ALL the reference details at left...
3.	Catheters 06/01/2008 - "Large, high-quality randomized controlled trials are needed to evaluate which of these methods is most effective for reducing clinically important consequences of catheter-associated infection." 11/01/2008 - "We found that 46.7% TSC is a safe, convenient and highly effective catheter locking solution, leading to significant reduction in CRB largely by preventing staphylococcal bloodstream infections. " 09/01/2008 - "Since bloodstream infection is the most common serious complication of indwelling vascular catheters, the proof that a potentially preventive approach is truly protective against clinical infection requires a significant reduction in the incidence of this infectious complication.Although" 10/01/2004 - "Most effective in the prevention of catheter infections are the so-called maximum barrier measures applied to the insertion of CVCs." 11/01/1999 - "In conclusion, antimicrobial catheters have been shown to be highly cost effective in decreasing the risk of catheter-related bloodstream infection." Order ALL the reference details at left...
4.	Transplantation (Transplant Recipients) 12/01/2012 - "Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) has been demonstrated to be highly effective for the treatment of recurrent Clostridium difficile infection (CDI). " 07/01/2006 - "New immunosuppressive protocols and advanced surgical technique resulted in an improved outcome of pancreatic transplantation (PTx) with infection remaining the most common complication. " 05/01/2006 - "Simultaneous virological and immunological follow-up is the best approach to efficient monitoring of HCMV infections in transplant recipients. " 06/01/2010 - "The development of molecular diagnostics has markedly improved the ability to rapidly identify infections in transplantation patients and has improved clinical care. " 05/01/2005 - "However, the patients in complete remission (CR), with the exception of one patient who is alive at 18 months EFS, died at 4, 6, and 8 months post transplantation due to infections that were associated with delayed immune recovery. " Order ALL the reference details at left...
5.	Aftercare (After-Treatment) 08/01/1999 - "Patients' desire to know whether their infection has been cured and symptom status after treatment are two important determinants of whether confirmatory H. " 02/01/1992 - "One patient died because of infection, whereas the other two persisted in complete remission after treatment at 4 and 5 years of follow-up, respectively. " 01/01/1981 - "The complete clearance of both infections (i.e., no eggs whether dead or alive) 6 months after treatment was 29% (43 patients). " 02/01/2012 - "No statistically significant differences were observed with spontaneous resolution of infection or with viral clearance after treatment. " 07/30/2008 - "brasiliensis infection significantly increased the degree of inhibition of AChE in the brain and diaphragm after treatment with CPO and PO in association with a significant reduction in PON1 activity. " Order ALL the reference details at left...

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