Postoperative Cognitive Complications

COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT or functional decline after a surgical procedure.

Also Known As:

Cognitive Complication, Postoperative; Cognitive Decline, Postoperative; Cognitive Disorder, Postoperative; Cognitive Dysfunction, Postoperative; Complication, Postoperative Cognitive; Decline, Postoperative Cognitive; Dementia, Postoperative; Dementias, Postoperative; Disorder, Postoperative Cognitive; Dysfunction, Postoperative Cognitive; Postoperative Cognitive Complication; Postoperative Cognitive Disorder; Postoperative Dementias; Postoperative Cognitive Decline; Postoperative Cognitive Disorders; Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction; Postoperative Dementia

Networked: 956 relevant articles (40 outcomes, 174 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Neuroinflammatory Diseases
2.	Emergence Delirium
3.	Cognitive Dysfunction
4.	Inflammation (Inflammations)
5.	Pain (Aches)

Experts

1.	Mathew, Joseph P: 13 articles (01/2021 - 07/2002)
2.	Zuo, Zhiyi: 10 articles (01/2022 - 01/2012)
3.	Newman, Mark F: 10 articles (01/2019 - 07/2002)
4.	Zhang, Ying: 9 articles (05/2022 - 01/2015)
5.	Berger, Miles: 9 articles (01/2021 - 12/2013)
6.	Li, Jun: 8 articles (01/2022 - 11/2002)
7.	Scott, D A: 8 articles (11/2018 - 06/2004)
8.	Scott, David A: 8 articles (02/2016 - 06/2006)
9.	Wu, Anshi: 7 articles (01/2022 - 03/2012)
10.	Maze, Mervyn: 7 articles (01/2021 - 09/2010)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Postoperative Cognitive Complications:

1.	Dexmedetomidine FDA Link 10/01/2021 - "Dexmedetomidine Ameliorates Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction via the MicroRNA-381-Mediated EGR1/p53 Axis." 09/01/2021 - "Dexmedetomidine Ameliorates Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction in Aged Mice." 03/17/2023 - "Previous studies have explored the effectiveness of dexmedetomidine on postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) in elderly patients with fracture. " 01/26/2023 - "The consequences of this trial will show that dexmedetomidine can improve postoperative cognitive dysfunction in elderly orthopaedic patients, which may be related to the balance of T helper 17/regulatory T cells. " 01/26/2023 - "Dexmedetomidine has been confirmed as a drug that can improve postoperative cognitive dysfunction in some studies. "
2.	Anesthetics (Anesthetic Agents)IBA 10/01/2020 - "Administration of short-acting anesthetic drugs in titrated quantities and awareness about postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) helped us to get better and faster recovery in the patient." 02/01/1988 - "The study assessed the association between postoperative cognitive dysfunction and socioeconomic status, potential effects of selected surgical/anesthetic factors, and preoperative anxiety and depression (Zung Anxiety and Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression [CES-D] self-rating scales). " 01/01/2023 - "Preventing postoperative cognitive dysfunction using anesthetic drugs in elderly patients undergoing noncardiac surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis." 01/01/2023 - "Effects of anesthetic adjunctive agents on postoperative cognitive dysfunction in elderly patients undergoing noncardiac surgery: A Bayesian network meta-analysis." 01/01/2023 - "Dual roles of anesthetics in postoperative cognitive dysfunction: Regulation of microglial activation through inflammatory signaling pathways."
3.	Propofol (Diprivan)FDA LinkGeneric 12/04/2020 - "Findings of this study will help in providing insight to establish if propofol is a suitable intervention to treat postoperative cognitive dysfunction in elderly patients. " 10/29/2021 - "Effects of inhalation and propofol anaesthesia on postoperative cognitive dysfunction in elderly noncardiac surgical patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis." 01/01/2021 - "Does propofol ameliorate occurrence of postoperative cognitive dysfunction after general anaesthesia? " 03/01/2003 - "However, propofol did not affect postoperative cognitive dysfunction." 11/21/2019 - "High-dose Propofol Anesthesia Reduces the Occurrence of Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction via Maintaining Cytoskeleton."
4.	Biomarkers (Surrogate Marker)IBA 01/01/2023 - "Early biomarkers are needed to identify patients at risk of developing postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD). " 01/01/2023 - "Relationship between postoperative biomarkers of neuronal injury and postoperative cognitive dysfunction: A meta-analysis." 01/01/2022 - "Biomarkers of Cerebral Injury for Prediction of Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction in Patients Undergoing Cardiac Surgery." 01/01/2021 - "Conclusions: The dynamic change of LMR level in the peripheral blood is associated with occurrence of POCD, and preoperative LMR level seems to be a prognostic biomarker of postoperative cognitive dysfunction in patients after cardiovascular surgery." 01/01/2018 - "We hypothesized that they are also potential biomarkers for postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD). "
5.	Hydrocortisone (Cortisol)FDA LinkGeneric 02/17/2018 - "BACKGROUND A recent study reported that patients with higher cortisol levels on the 1st postoperative morning after cardiac surgery exhibited an increased risk of early postoperative cognitive decline (POCD). " 12/01/2013 - "This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between plasma cortisol levels and the occurrence of postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) in aged patients following hip fracture surgery. " 01/01/2019 - "Use of Preoperative Salivary Cortisol AM/PM Ratio for Prediction of Early Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction." 01/01/2019 - "Preoperative Salivary Cortisol AM/PM Ratio Predicts Early Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction After Noncardiac Surgery in Elderly Patients." 02/17/2018 - "A Prospective Cohort Evaluation of the Cortisol Response to Cardiac Surgery with Occurrence of Early Postoperative Cognitive Decline."
6.	Lidocaine (Xylocaine)FDA LinkGeneric 12/01/2011 - "A retrospective substudy of a clinical trial assessing the efficacy of intravenous lidocaine for postoperative cognitive decline. " 01/01/2023 - "The effect of intravenous lidocaine on postoperative cognitive dysfunction: a systematic review and meta-analysis." 01/01/2019 - "Intravenous lidocaine administered during and after cardiac surgery did not reduce postoperative cognitive decline at 6 weeks." 01/01/2016 - "Lidocaine has been tested in patients for its potential protective effect on postoperative cognitive dysfunction. " 03/01/2009 - "Lidocaine administered during and after cardiac surgery does not reduce the high rate of postoperative cognitive dysfunction. "
7.	Interleukin-6 (Interleukin 6)IBA 01/01/2017 - "The improvement in the occurrence of postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) is related to the levels of serum neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and IL-6." 01/01/2020 - "Dexmedetomidine May Reduce IL-6 Level and the Risk of Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction in Patients After Surgery: A Meta-Analysis." 01/01/2017 - "The occurrence of postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) and the expression of serum neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and IL-6 at postoperative days 1 and 7 were recorded. " 03/01/2021 - "Our results suggest that acute pain and CCI-induced chronic pain might aggravate postoperative cognitive dysfunction via neurotransmitters and by changing the levels of inflammatory factors such as IL-1β and IL-6." 09/01/2019 - "Dexmedetomidine can significantly improve postoperative cognitive dysfunction in elderly patients with colorectal cancer, and the occurrence of cognitive dysfunction can be affected by age, duration of anesthesia, intraoperative blood loss and the high expression of IL-6 and S-100β."
8.	Ketamine FDA LinkGeneric 10/01/2018 - "This systematic review evaluates the effects of intraoperative ketamine administration on postoperative delirium and postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD). " 10/01/2018 - "Intraoperative ketamine administration to prevent delirium or postoperative cognitive dysfunction: A systematic review and meta-analysis." 01/01/2023 - "Efficacy of intraoperative subanesthetic dose of ketamine/esketamine in preventing postoperative cognitive dysfunction: a systematic review and meta-analysis." 01/01/2023 - "We followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines and searched the PubMed, Embase, Ovid, Cochrane, Scopus, and Web of Science databases for the MeSH terms 'ketamine', 'esketamine', and 'Postoperative Cognitive Complications' from database inception to 25 June 2023. " 02/01/2023 - "Ketamine and dexmedet omidine have neuroprotective effects that may reduce the occurrence of postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) when they are used by intravenous infusion in geriatric patients scheduled for cataract extraction. "
9.	Analgesics (Analgesic Drugs)IBA 10/01/2011 - "[Effect of different perioperative analgesic methods on postoperative cognitive dysfunction in elderly patients undergoing upper abdominal surgery]." 05/01/2014 - "Investigators should strive to use accepted, validated tools for the assessment of postoperative cognitive dysfunction and to carefully report details of the anesthetic and analgesic techniques used in future studies." 01/01/2022 - "Our findings showed that DEX administration is safe sedation with anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antiemetic effects and it could help change pain management strategy from opioidcentric towards improved postoperative cognitive dysfunction." 06/01/2024 - "Astrocytes can also be an important target of general anesthetic agents as they exert not only sedative, analgesic, and amnesic effects but also mediate general anesthetic-induced neurotoxicity and postoperative cognitive dysfunction. " 03/28/2022 - "Our study aims to investigate the role of adjuvant multimodal analgesic agents, such as ketamine, lidocaine, and epidural analgesia in perioperative pain control, the incidence of postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD), and the incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) after major abdominal surgery. "
10.	Nimodipine (Modus)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2017 - "This study aimed to investigate the effects of pre-treatment with nimodipine and 7.5% hypertonic saline (HS) on postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) in aged rats. " 01/01/2018 - "Pretreatment with nimodipine can lower the apoptosis rate of hippocampal neuron to reduce the incidence of postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD). " 01/01/2017 - "Pre-treatment with nimodipine and 7.5% hypertonic saline protects aged rats against postoperative cognitive dysfunction via inhibiting hippocampal neuronal apoptosis." 05/01/2017 - "Nimodipine is a clinical commonly used calcium antagonistscan lowering the apoptosis rate of hippocampal neuron to reduce the incidence of postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD). " 12/01/1993 - "The impact of different strategies for management of pH during moderate hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass on cerebral blood flow and coupling of cerebral flow and metabolism, as well as their impact on the incidence of postoperative cognitive dysfunction, are also discussed, along with the results of studies examining the efficacy of various agents including thiopental, nimodipine, and nafamostat to decrease cognitive dysfunction subsequent to bypass."

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Cardiopulmonary Bypass (Heart-Lung Bypass) 01/01/2020 - "Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) caused postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) was characterized by hippocampus apoptosis, which seriously limited the therapeutic efficacy and utilization of CPB in clinic. " 10/01/2020 - "The aim of this study was to compare blood flow velocity changes in the middle cerebral artery before, during and after heart surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass for patients with and without postoperative cognitive dysfunction. " 07/01/2002 - "Numerous studies purport to show that cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) surgery is associated with persistent postoperative cognitive decline. " 10/01/2020 - "Middle cerebral artery's blood flow velocity was decreased after anaesthesia induction and during cardiopulmonary bypass for patients with postoperative cognitive dysfunction comparing with their blood flow velocity preoperatively. " 10/01/2020 - "After induction, blood flow velocity of the middle cerebral artery was lower in postoperative cognitive dysfunction group (41.2; min 27.91, max 49.47) than in the H group (41.2, min 21.9, max 84.3) p = 0.034, and during cardiopulmonary bypass, blood flow velocity of the middle cerebral artery was lower in the postoperative cognitive dysfunction group (37.35, min 26.6, max 44.02) than the H group (42.3, min 20.1, max 86.5), p = 0.001. "
2.	Anesthesia 02/01/2022 - "To study the effect of Narcotrend monitoring on the incidence of early postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) under different Bispectral Index (BIS) conditions and the effect of different depths of anesthesia on the incidence of POCD. " 01/01/2022 - "The results of this study suggest that activation of the Gq pathway in astrocytes alleviates Postoperative cognitive dysfunction induced by anesthesia and surgery in aged mice." 01/01/2021 - "The objective of this study was to evaluate the association between a moderate to high risk patients of OSAS and postoperative cognitive dysfunction after volatile anesthesia. " 04/01/2016 - "The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of anesthesia-related postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) on the first day (Day 1) and at 6 weeks after elective noncardiac surgery in school-age children.This" 01/01/2016 - "Several studies suggest a relationship between anesthesia-induced tau hyperphosphorylation and the development of postoperative cognitive dysfunction. "
3.	Coronary Artery Bypass (Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery) 01/01/2021 - "This study aimed to explore the influence of coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) on both postoperative cognitive dysfunction and quality of life (QoL) and the association between the two patient-related outcomes. " 01/01/2021 - "The study aimed at investigating the patterns of beta-2 activity associated with postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) in patients after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). " 02/01/2011 - "The aim of this study was to evaluate the predictive value of cerebral regional oxygen saturation (rSO(2)) in the occurrence of postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) in elderly patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery. " 01/01/2006 - "The purpose of this study was to identify the risk factors for postoperative cognitive dysfunction after coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery. " 04/01/2005 - "Coronary artery bypass grafting has been associated with both early and late postoperative cognitive decline, but interpretation of previous studies has been limited by lack of appropriate control groups. "
4.	General Anesthesia 01/01/2023 - "Through a large number of clinical studies and trials, it has been confirmed that elderly patients can experience postoperative cognitive dysfunction after general anesthesia/surgery. " 01/01/2020 - "Purpose: The study examined postoperative cognitive dysfunction in premenopausal and postmenopausal women undergoing surgery with general anesthesia.Methods" 01/01/2018 - "Clinical observation, as well as randomized controlled trials, indicated an increasing rate of postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) with increasing depth of general anesthesia. " 01/01/2015 - "To investigate the adequacy of the neuropsychological test battery proposed by the International Study of Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction to evaluate this disorder in Brazilian elderly patients undergoing surgery under general anesthesia. " 02/26/2024 - "Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) is characterized by impaired cognitive function following general anesthesia and surgery. "
5.	Electroacupuncture 12/01/2022 - "Effects of electroacupuncture on postoperative cognitive dysfunction: a preclinical study (abridged secondary publication)." 12/01/2023 - "Electroacupuncture modulates gut microbiota in mice: A potential target in postoperative cognitive dysfunction." 06/12/2021 - "To observe the effect of electroacupuncture (EA) pretreatment on hippocampal oxidative stress in aged mice with postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) and explore the relevant mechanism of EA pretreatment on the improvement of learning and memory in POCD aged mice. " 06/12/2021 - "[Effect of electroacupuncture pretreatment on hippocampal oxidative stress in aged mice with postoperative cognitive dysfunction]." 03/12/2020 - "Electroacupuncture improves cognitive functions in postoperative cognitive dysfunction rats, which may be related to its effect in down-regulating the expression of hippocampal HIF-1α and inhibiting the neurons apoptosis."