Ankle Fractures

Fractures of any of the bones of the ANKLE.

Also Known As:

Bimalleolar Ankle Fractures; Bimalleolar Equivalent Ankle Fractures; Bimalleolar Equivalent Fractures; Bimalleolar Fractures; Lateral Malleolus Fractures; Medial Malleolus Fractures; Posterior Malleolus Fractures; Trimalleolar Ankle Fractures; Trimalleolar Fractures; Ankle Fracture; Ankle Fracture, Bimalleolar; Ankle Fracture, Trimalleolar; Bimalleolar Ankle Fracture; Bimalleolar Equivalent Fracture; Bimalleolar Fracture; Equivalent Fracture, Bimalleolar; Fracture, Ankle; Fracture, Bimalleolar; Fracture, Bimalleolar Ankle; Fracture, Bimalleolar Equivalent; Fracture, Lateral Malleolus; Fracture, Medial Malleolus; Fracture, Posterior Malleolus; Fracture, Trimalleolar; Fracture, Trimalleolar Ankle; Lateral Malleolus Fracture; Malleolus Fracture, Lateral; Malleolus Fracture, Medial; Malleolus Fracture, Posterior; Medial Malleolus Fracture; Posterior Malleolus Fracture; Trimalleolar Ankle Fracture; Trimalleolar Fracture

Networked: 778 relevant articles (27 outcomes, 158 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Wounds and Injuries: 176426
- Bone Fractures: 3857
  - Ankle Fractures: 778
- Leg Injuries: 75
  - Ankle Injuries: 753
    - Ankle Fractures: 778

Related Diseases

1.	Pain (Aches)
2.	Wounds and Injuries (Trauma)
3.	Postoperative Pain
4.	Infections
5.	Osteoarthritis

Experts

1.	Egol, Kenneth A: 7 articles (12/2015 - 04/2008)
2.	Adams, Samuel B: 6 articles (03/2022 - 11/2015)
3.	Bariteau, Jason T: 5 articles (08/2021 - 10/2015)
4.	Olson, Steven A: 4 articles (03/2022 - 05/2015)
5.	Bullock, Travis S: 4 articles (12/2021 - 01/2021)
6.	Zelle, Boris A: 4 articles (12/2021 - 01/2021)
7.	Wukich, Dane K: 4 articles (09/2021 - 02/2011)
8.	Schmal, Hagen: 4 articles (05/2021 - 01/2014)
9.	Brown, Jaclyn: 4 articles (01/2021 - 01/2017)
10.	Kim, Hak Jun: 4 articles (01/2021 - 11/2018)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Ankle Fractures:

1.	Analgesics (Analgesic Drugs)IBA 12/18/2019 - "It's How You Present the Results: Commentary on an article by Kyle John Hancock, MD, et al.: "Efficacy of Multimodal Analgesic Injections in Operatively Treated Ankle Fractures. " 12/18/2019 - "Efficacy of Multimodal Analgesic Injections in Operatively Treated Ankle Fractures: A Randomized Controlled Trial." 09/01/2015 - "To determine whether the use of peripheral nerve blocks (PNBs) as part of an analgesic protocol for operative repair of tibia and ankle fractures can improve the quality of postoperative pain management and the quality of recovery (QOR). " 04/01/2001 - "Intravenous 30 mg ketorolac appears to have preemptive analgesic effects in patients undergoing ankle fracture repair. " 04/01/2001 - "Preemptive analgesic effects of ketorolac in ankle fracture surgery."
2.	polylevolactic acidIBA 01/01/2002 - "Polylevolactic acid screws are effective in stabilizing disruption of the syndesmosis during healing of unstable ankle fractures. " 01/01/2007 - "In this prospective randomized study, bioabsorbable 4.5-mm SR-PLA70 screws were compared with SR-PLLA screws in the treatment of displaced ankle fractures in adults. " 01/01/2007 - "SR-PLA70 and SR-PLLA screws are suitable in selected cases for the fixation of ankle fractures, but the mechanical stability of the fixation has to be carefully monitored perioperatively." 07/01/2005 - "Polylevolactic acid screws worked as well, or slightly better than, metallic ones in syndesmosis fixation in patients with an ankle fracture." 01/01/2002 - "A long-term clinical study on dislocated ankle fractures fixed with self-reinforced polylevolactide (SR-PLLA) implants."
3.	IceIBA 11/12/2021 - "Treatment of perioperative swelling by rest, ice, compression, and elevation (RICE) without and with additional application of negative pressure (RICE+) in patients with a unilateral ankle fracture: study protocol for a monocentric, evaluator-blinded randomized controlled pilot trial." 10/01/2021 - "Same day snow (p<0.001) and ice (p=0.002), as well as ice two days prior (p=0.001), predicted a significant increase in ankle fracture volumes. " 10/01/2019 - "Sixty-three patients in need of surgical treatment for ankle fracture were randomly assigned to either an evaporative coolant group or an ice pack group. " 10/01/2019 - "Evaporative coolants exhibited comparable efficacy to ice packs in preoperative cryotherapy of ankle fractures without adverse effects. " 10/01/2019 - "The purpose of this study is to compare the efficacy of evaporative coolants with that of ice packs in preoperative management of edema and pain in patients with an ankle fracture. "
4.	Ropivacaine (Naropin)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2019 - "Exploratory, observational study of adults scheduled for acute primary internal fixation of an ankle fracture under ultrasound-guided popliteal sciatic and saphenous ropivacaine block anaesthesia. " 01/01/2020 - "The study aimed at investigating the effect of local infiltration analgesia (LIA) with ropivacaine on postoperative analgesia for patients undergoing ankle fracture surgery. " 01/01/2020 - "The retrospective cohort study indicates that LIA with ropivacaine can provide better early postoperative pain management with a reduction of VAS scores for ankle fracture surgery. " 01/01/2020 - "Local Infiltration Analgesia with Ropivacaine Improves Postoperative Pain Control in Ankle Fracture Patients: A Retrospective Cohort Study." 12/18/2019 - "Patients indicated for operative fixation of a rotational ankle fracture were randomized to receive multimodal surgical-site injection (ropivacaine 200 mg, epinephrine 0.6 mg, and morphine 5 mg) or no injection (control). "
5.	Dexamethasone (Maxidex)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2023 - "The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of intravenous dexamethasone on rebound pain after adductor canal block (ACB) and popliteal sciatic nerve block in patients with ankle fracture. " 01/01/2023 - "Intravenous dexamethasone can reduce the rebound pain after adductor block and sciatic popliteal nerve block in patients with ankle fracture surgery, prolong the duration of nerve block, and improve the quality of early postoperative recovery." 01/01/2023 - "The Effects of Intravenous Dexamethasone on Rebound Pain After Nerve Block in Patients with Ankle Fracture: A Randomized Controlled Trial." 07/14/2023 - "Conclusions: Dexamethasone and epinephrine as adjuvant anesthetic solutions can effectively control pain when performing surgery using peripheral nerve blocks for patients with ankle fractures." 07/14/2023 - "This study aimed to compare the postoperative pain control efficacy of peripheral nerve blocks with ropivacaine combined with dexamethasone/epinephrine and peripheral nerve blocks with only ropivacaine and added patient-controlled analgesia in patients with ankle fractures. "
6.	AnticoagulantsIBA 11/01/2016 - "Routine anticoagulant prophylaxis was not found to be necessary for patients with foot and ankle fractures, although further investigation with a properly powered study design is required to definitively determine which foot and ankle patients are best served by anticoagulation and which ones are not. " 12/01/2015 - "This study evaluated the efficacy of oral anticoagulants for preventing VTE in ambulatory trauma patients who required temporary lower limb immobilization for non-operative management of their ankle fractures. " 12/01/2015 - "This study shows that an oral anticoagulant was a safe alternative to injectable LMWH as a thromboprophylactic agent for ambulatory trauma patients requiring temporary lower limb immobilization for non-operative management of an ankle fracture."
7.	Carbon Fiber (Grafil)IBA 06/01/2018 - "A Retrospective Case Series of Carbon Fiber Plate Fixation of Ankle Fractures." 12/01/2014 - "In this study, the authors highlight the importance of the radiolucent property in the treatment of ankle fractures and describe their preliminary experience with a carbon fibre-reinforced polyetheretherketone distal fibula plate, with good results at 4 months' follow-up and no signs of tissue inflammatory reaction. " 06/01/2018 - "This study hypothesized that carbon fiber plates would provide similar outcomes for ankle fracture fixation as titanium and steel implants. " 06/01/2018 - "Carbon fiber plates are a viable alternative to metal plates in ankle fracture fixation, demonstrating union and complication rates comparable to those of traditional fixation techniques. "
8.	Epinephrine (Adrenaline)FDA LinkGeneric 12/18/2019 - "Patients indicated for operative fixation of a rotational ankle fracture were randomized to receive multimodal surgical-site injection (ropivacaine 200 mg, epinephrine 0.6 mg, and morphine 5 mg) or no injection (control). " 07/14/2023 - "Conclusions: Dexamethasone and epinephrine as adjuvant anesthetic solutions can effectively control pain when performing surgery using peripheral nerve blocks for patients with ankle fractures." 07/14/2023 - "This study aimed to compare the postoperative pain control efficacy of peripheral nerve blocks with ropivacaine combined with dexamethasone/epinephrine and peripheral nerve blocks with only ropivacaine and added patient-controlled analgesia in patients with ankle fractures. "
9.	Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Agents (NSAIDs)IBA 01/01/2010 - "The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy of three NSAIDs to relief acute pain caused by ankle fracture. " 01/01/2020 - "Our recent retrospective study on ketorolac administration demonstrated that the NSAID is not associated with an increased risk of delayed union or nonunion after ankle fracture surgery. "
10.	polyetheretherketoneIBA 06/01/2017 - "Fixation of the lateral malleolus fractures with a CFR-PEEK plate provides satisfying clinical and radiographic results after 2 years of follow-up. " 12/01/2014 - "In this study, the authors highlight the importance of the radiolucent property in the treatment of ankle fractures and describe their preliminary experience with a carbon fibre-reinforced polyetheretherketone distal fibula plate, with good results at 4 months' follow-up and no signs of tissue inflammatory reaction. " 06/01/2017 - "Comparison between carbon-peek plate and conventional stainless steal plate in ankle fractures. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Conservative Treatment 01/01/2023 - "For patients with supination-lateral rotation ankle fractures, fixation with posterolateral fibular approach is more effective for expediting the recovery of ankle joints than conservative therapy and fixation with fibular approach, accompanied by higher safety." 06/15/2023 - "Methods: Pubmed, Embase, and Cochrane-Library databases were searched to retrieve prospective randomized-controlled studies that compared the efficacy of surgical treatment and conservative treatment in adult ankle fractures. " 10/01/1985 - "Lauge-Hansen's system of classification of ankle fractures has been of pioneering importance and when correctly employed has improved the results of conservative treatment. " 09/02/2023 - "Prospective randomized controlled trial: early weight bearing after conservative treatment of Weber B ankle fractures (pancake trial)." 10/01/2020 - "We searched CINAHL, EMBASE, MEDLINE and CENTRAL databases (1946-June 2019) for randomised and quasi-randomised controlled trials comparing surgical versus conservative management of closed adult ankle fractures of any type. "
2.	Length of Stay 06/01/2012 - "The aim of this prospective, randomised study was to investigate the effects of early mobilisation following surgical fixation of an ankle fracture on wound healing and length of stay (LOS). " 07/01/2006 - "This study shows that early operative intervention for ankle fractures reduces the length of hospital stay. " 07/01/2006 - "The aim of the current study was to review the length of hospital in-patient stay for operative ankle fractures over the previous 12-month period at our hospital and compare this to the length of hospital stay following the introduction of a fast-track system for the fixation of these fractures (all fractures fixed within 48 h). " 08/01/2005 - "This nationally representative study of inpatients in the United States provides evidence that diabetic patients with an operatively treated ankle fracture are likely to have worse results than non-diabetic patients with regard to postoperative complications, mortality, rate of non-routine discharge, length of hospital stay, and total hospital charges." 07/01/2001 - "A study of the length of the time between the diagnosis of an ankle fracture and operative intervention and the length of subsequent hospital stay was undertaken. "
3.	Injections 12/18/2019 - "The use of multimodal surgical-site injections in operatively treated rotational ankle fractures is associated with a reduction in immediate in-hospital pain scores that is statistically significant but below the minimal clinically important difference. " 12/18/2019 - "It's How You Present the Results: Commentary on an article by Kyle John Hancock, MD, et al.: "Efficacy of Multimodal Analgesic Injections in Operatively Treated Ankle Fractures. " 12/18/2019 - "Efficacy of Multimodal Analgesic Injections in Operatively Treated Ankle Fractures: A Randomized Controlled Trial." 12/01/2015 - "This study shows that an oral anticoagulant was a safe alternative to injectable LMWH as a thromboprophylactic agent for ambulatory trauma patients requiring temporary lower limb immobilization for non-operative management of an ankle fracture."
4.	Braces 06/01/2022 - "This within-trial economic evaluation found that it is probable that using a removable brace provides good value to the NHS when compared to cast, in the management of adults with ankle fracture. " 01/01/2021 - "Use of cast immobilisation versus removable brace in adults with an ankle fracture: multicentre randomised controlled trial." 08/01/2012 - "Functional outcome after air-stirrup ankle brace or fiberglass backslab for pediatric low-risk ankle fractures: a randomized observer-blinded controlled trial." 06/01/2007 - "This was a noninferiority, randomized, single-blind trial in which children who were 5 to 18 years of age and treated in a pediatric emergency department for low-risk ankle fractures were randomly assigned to a removable ankle brace or a below-knee walking cast. " 06/01/2007 - "Therefore, the main objective of this study was to determine whether children who have these low-risk ankle fractures that are treated with a removable ankle brace have at least as effective a recovery of physical function as those that are treated with a cast. "
5.	Fracture Fixation 01/01/2010 - "This study was performed to evaluate the results of operative treatment of ankle fractures in patients who required syndesmotic stabilization in addition to malleolar fracture fixation compared with patients who required malleolar fixation alone. " 08/01/2023 - "Most ankle fractures (60%) were managed using closed reduction and casting; for the remaining 40% of cases, fracture fixation was performed after closed or open reduction to correct the articular step-off and ensure the anatomical restoration of the physis. " 04/01/2023 - "Further research is required on posterior malleolus fracture morphology, optimal fracture fixation and longer term functional and radiological outcomes.Levels" 04/01/2023 - "The posterolateral approach provides a satisfactory approach for fracture reduction with similar complication rates to that reported for other ankle fracture approaches. " 01/01/2023 - "A Technique Tip to Prevent Loss of Fracture Reduction during Surgical Fixation of Lateral Malleolus Fractures."