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Atherosclerosis

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A thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES that occurs with formation of ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES within the ARTERIAL INTIMA.

Also Known As:

Atheroscleroses; Atherogenesis

Networked: 37134 relevant articles (1210 outcomes, 5612 trials/studies) for this Disease, Comments

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Cardiovascular Diseases: 28068
- Vascular Diseases: 8888
  - Arterial Occlusive Diseases: 1182
    - Arteriosclerosis: 2970
      - Atherosclerosis: 37134
        Peripheral Arterial Disease: 2000

Related Diseases

1.	Hypertension (High Blood Pressure)
2.	Cardiovascular Diseases (Cardiovascular Disease)
3.	Inflammation
4.	Hypercholesterolemia
5.	Hyperlipidemias (Hyperlipidemia)

Experts

1.	Libby, Peter: 55 articles (02/2012 - 01/2002)
2.	Folsom, Aaron R: 42 articles (09/2012 - 08/2002)
3.	Witztum, Joseph L: 40 articles (07/2012 - 01/2002)
4.	Daugherty, Alan: 37 articles (01/2013 - 01/2002)
5.	Rader, Daniel J: 37 articles (08/2012 - 05/2002)
6.	Aviram, Michael: 35 articles (01/2013 - 01/2002)
7.	Boerwinkle, Eric: 35 articles (11/2011 - 03/2002)
8.	Lehtimäki, Terho: 34 articles (01/2013 - 02/2002)
9.	Weber, Christian: 34 articles (10/2012 - 01/2002)
10.	Ballantyne, Christie M: 34 articles (07/2012 - 03/2002)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Atherosclerosis:

1.	CholesterolIBA 02/01/2007 - "Studies in genetically engineered mice revealed that SR-BI plays an important role in HDL reverse cholesterol transport and protection against atherosclerosis. " 11/01/2003 - "Although surgical, endovascular, and medical therapies for atherosclerosis in general, and PAD specifically, continue to be developed, there appears to be considerable room for improvement in physician adoption of proven effective therapies, such as cholesterol-lowering therapies and blood pressure management. " 07/01/2001 - "Although the accumulation of cholesterol and other lipidic material is unquestionably important in atherogenesis, the reasons why this material progressively accumulates, rather than being effectively cleared by phagocytic cells such as macrophages, are not completely understood. " 03/27/2001 - "The lack of major differences in these studies in cholesterol mobilization by native apoAI and AIM, or by apoAIM-AII heterodimers, suggests that any protection against atherosclerosis conferred by this mutation is likely related to other beneficial vascular effects of AIM." 03/01/1994 - "The regression trials, predominantly in CHD patients with high cholesterol values (mean 7.1 mmol/L), demonstrated improvement in angiographic atherosclerosis in every study. " Order ALL the reference details at left...
2.	Lipoproteins (Lipoprotein)IBA 09/01/2005 - "High-density lipoprotein (HDL) plays an important role in protection against atherosclerosis. " 06/01/2012 - "High-density lipoprotein (HDL) is protective against atherosclerosis development. " 08/01/2009 - "High-density lipoprotein (HDL) and 17beta-estradiol independently provide protection against atherosclerosis. " 08/01/2006 - "In our view, CETP inhibitors in combination with statins will be profoundly beneficial in reducing human atherosclerosis, primarily because they normalize HDL particles and prevent the transfer of cholesteryl ester from HDL to atherogenic lipoproteins." 03/01/1988 - "It is concluded that P does not modify the serum lipoprotein pattern in a way which can be considered as beneficial in terms of atherosclerosis. " Order ALL the reference details at left...
3.	Apolipoproteins E (ApoE)IBA 01/01/2006 - "There was an important strain-dependence of the effect, with no protection against atherosclerosis in apoE(-/-) mice." 01/01/2012 - "Uncoupling of eNOS occurs in apoE(-/-) atherosclerosis but does not negate the enzyme's strong protective effects." 08/01/2008 - "TxA(2) receptor antagonism alone also afforded a significant reduction in atherosclerosis in apoE-deficient mice. " 05/01/2000 - "This notion has been further supported by a recent finding that administration of ET receptor antagonists resulted in a significant reduction of atherosclerosis in apoE-KO mice." 05/01/2000 - "We anticipate that pharmacological approaches to increase apoE synthesis and/or secretion by macrophages might be beneficial for the treatment of atherosclerosis." Order ALL the reference details at left...
4.	ApolipoproteinsIBA 05/01/2010 - "Studies on protective effects of human paraoxonases 1 and 3 on atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E knockout mice." 06/01/2011 - "Furthermore, total or macrophage-specific FABP4 deficiency is protective against atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. " 06/01/2008 - "Apolipoprotein E has critical roles in the protection against atherosclerosis and is understood to follow the classical constitutive secretion pathway. " 06/01/2007 - "Swimming reduces the severity of atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E deficient mice by antioxidant effects." 11/24/2006 - "Fcgamma receptor deficiency confers protection against atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E knockout mice." Order ALL the reference details at left...
5.	Apolipoprotein A-I (Apolipoprotein A1)IBA 03/18/2008 - "Acute plaque regression observed after short-term apoA-I(Milano) administration was associated with a significant reduction in suspected makers of plaque vulnerability in an experimental model of atherosclerosis." 06/03/1985 - "One molecular variant, Apo AI-Milano, while leading to a significant reduction of HDL, does not seem to be associated with clinical atherosclerosis, but rather with a protection from the disease. " 05/01/1992 - "Conclusively, apo A1 is effective in preventing the development of experimental atherosclerosis. " 08/18/2003 - "However, overexpression of apolipoprotein A-I in animals has been shown to reduce progression and even induce regression of atherosclerosis, indicating that apolipoprotein A-I is directly protective against atherosclerosis. " 02/14/2006 - "This structure provides a much-needed structural template for exploration of molecular mechanisms by which human apoA-I ameliorates atherosclerosis and inflammatory diseases." Order ALL the reference details at left...
6.	Insulin (Novolin)FDA Link 10/01/2008 - "A 6-month therapy with insulin sensitizers, MET and ROSI, resulted in marked improvement of endothelial function in young PCOS patients without clinically evident atherosclerosis who were not severely insulin resistant. " 09/28/2012 - "Inhibition of TGH activity ameliorates atherosclerosis development and improves insulin sensitivity in Ldlr(-/-) mice." 10/08/2009 - "Molecular disruption of the lipid carrier AFABP/aP2 in mice results in improved insulin sensitivity and protection from atherosclerosis. " 03/01/2009 - "Insulin also appears to exhibit anti-inflammatory effects, which may provide additional protection against the development of atherosclerosis. " 10/01/2004 - "Despite improved insulin sensitivity with CR, atherosclerosis extent did not differ between the ad libitum-fed or CR groups. " Order ALL the reference details at left...
7.	Estrogens (Estrogen)FDA Link 12/01/2001 - "From these results we concluded that the most important atheroprotective effect of estrogen is the direct inhibition of atherosclerosis in the arterial wall, and improvement in lipid metabolism is of secondary importance." 05/01/1989 - "We conclude that estrogen is an important factor in the animals' "female protection" against diet-induced atherosclerosis. " 09/01/2000 - "Exercise, estrogens, and substitution of polyunsaturated fat for saturated fat are beneficial in the prevention of atherosclerosis. " 01/01/1994 - "Consequently, estrogens are believed to confer significant protection against coronary artery atherosclerosis (CAA). " 01/01/2004 - "Estrogen promotes and modulates vascular endothelial function, which may be protective against development of atherosclerosis. " Order ALL the reference details at left...
8.	LipidsIBA 06/01/2004 - "Animals receiving the novel AAV vectors realized nearly complete normalization of serum lipids and failed to develop the severe atherosclerosis that characterized the untreated animals; the AAV2 vector constructs demonstrated partial lipid correction and only a modest improvement in atherosclerosis. " 01/01/2010 - "Decreased level of atherogenic lipids in blood improved the course of obliterating atherosclerosis of the lower extremity vessels. " 01/01/2012 - "The aims of this study were to demonstrate that crude and acidic polysaccharide extracts from Gastrodia rhizomes suppress atherosclerosis through the regulation of serum lipids in Sprague Dawley (SD) rats fed a high-fat diet. " 06/10/2011 - "Both intimal and valvular calcifications are closely associated with atherosclerosis, leading investigators to study the role of atherogenic oxidatively modified lipids (oxylipids). " 05/01/2011 - "The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of fish oil on aortic atherosclerosis, hepatic steatosis and serum lipids in rats. " Order ALL the reference details at left...
9.	glucuronyl glucosamine glycan sulfate (Vessel)IBA 10/01/2005 - "Intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) has emerged as the new gold standard for atherosclerosis imaging because it provides cross-sectional images of both the arterial wall and lumen with excellent resolution, reveals the diffuse nature of atherosclerosis and the involvement of reference segments, and takes into account vessel wall remodelling. " 05/01/2004 - "Intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) has emerged as the new gold standard for atherosclerosis imaging because it provides cross-sectional images of both the arterial wall and lumen with excellent resolution, reveals the diffuse nature of atherosclerosis and the involvement of reference segments, and takes into account vessel wall remodeling. " 04/01/1992 - "This mechanism may help to explain the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis in diabetes, as monocyte accumulation within the vessel wall is an important step in fatty streak development." 12/01/1998 - "Combining this technique with high resolution intravascular MRI techniques may result in a very useful diagnostic tool for the evaluation of atherosclerosis and other vessel diseases." 08/01/2002 - "An improved understanding of the pathological changes in the ageing thoracic aorta may be useful in the development of strategies to reduce the undesirable vessel calcification associated with atherosclerosis." Order ALL the reference details at left...
10.	LDL CholesterolIBA 01/01/2009 - "Statins, originally discovered in molds are the most effective medication to decrease the low-density cholesterol (LDL-C) which is the key participant in atherogenesis. " 04/01/2004 - "The significantly lower LDL cholesterol suggests that this polymorphism may confer protection against atherosclerosis in type 2 diabetes." 02/01/2007 - "Subjects bearing the -3608 C allele present a plasma lipid profile protective against atherogenesis: decrease of plasma LDL-cholesterol level (p=0.001) and of the LDL/HDL ratio (p=0.0003). " 09/01/2011 - "Among the combined group of 413 Stop Atherosclerosis in Native Diabetics Trials participants, systolic blood pressure, LDL cholesterol, and left ventricular mass were all significantly reduced, whereas arterial mass significantly increased, after 36 months of therapy (P<0.001 for all). " 03/01/2011 - "We investigated the association of HDL and LDL-cholesterol with incident CHD events (fatal or nonfatal CHD) over 14 years of follow-up among 13,615 adults aged 45 to 64 years in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study. " Order ALL the reference details at left...

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Transplants (Transplant) 06/01/1996 - "Staining intensity measurements revealed a significant reduction (P < 0.001) in the amount of eNOS present in areas of atherosclerosis as compared with normal veins and areas of vein graft with FIH changes alone. " 06/23/1989 - "Finally, the graft loss rate (from either death or retransplantation for atherosclerosis) was significantly greater in the CMV group. " 11/01/1985 - "Improvement in the degree of angina and its recurrence after bypass surgery are closely related to graft patency and subsequent development of atherosclerosis in the grafts or in the native coronary arteries." 01/01/2012 - "We aimed to develop a large animal model for the study of pathogenesis and treatment of vein graft atherosclerosis. " 04/01/2011 - "This study enlightens the influence of an even moderate arterial pressure on the gene expression of adhesion molecules in venous grafts which play a decisive role for the early induction of atherogenesis. " Order ALL the reference details at left...
2.	Angioplasty (Angioplasty, Transluminal) 07/01/2010 - "All generic and disease-specific QOL scores show statistically significant improvement with angioplasty and/or supervised exercise in patients with claudication due to femoropopliteal atherosclerosis. " 05/01/1994 - "The drug may be useful for the treatment of vascular proliferative diseases such as restenosis following percutaneous transluminal angioplasty and atherosclerosis." 09/01/1982 - "These promising results suggest that transluminal angioplasty has a definite role in the management of atherosclerosis obliterans of iliac and femoropopliteal arteries." 02/01/2005 - "In the last 30 years, thousands of basic or clinical studies have been devoted to atherosclerosis or to the problem of restenosis after angioplasty. " 01/01/2004 - "An experimental study of surgical ultrasonic angioplasty: its effect on atherosclerosis and normal arteries." Order ALL the reference details at left...
3.	Hormone Replacement Therapy (Therapy, Hormone Replacement) 11/09/2002 - "Hormone-replacement therapy (HRT) is more effective in healthy women (maintaining vascular health) than in older women with atherosclerosis (restoring endothelial dysfunction). " 10/01/2011 - "We suggest that thyroid hormone replacement therapy may help to prevent atherosclerosis in this group of patients." 08/01/2007 - "However, none of the randomized trials already conducted with hormone replacement therapy showed overall benefit by means of reducing clinical ischemic cardiovascular events and/or suppressing atherogenesis. " 04/01/2007 - "This was a cross-sectional study of 1973 postmenopausal women ages 45-84 yr, not taking hormone replacement therapy, in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis baseline examination. " 08/01/2003 - "A prospective evaluation of the risk of QT prolongation with hormone replacement therapy: the atherosclerosis risk in communities study." Order ALL the reference details at left...
4.	Stents 03/01/2007 - "Human studies suggest that high plasma HCII levels are protective against in-stent restenosis and atherosclerosis. " 09/01/2008 - "Endovascular treatment of symptomatic aortoiliac atherosclerosis at the aortoiliac bifurcation by means of a distal aortic stent or kissing stents can be used successfully with durable improvement in the majority of patients. " 05/01/2011 - "Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is emerging as a new gold standard for endovascular imaging of stents, atherosclerosis progression, vulnerable plaque, and neointimal proliferation. " 08/01/2005 - "The efficacy of intracoronary stent implantation in treating severe atherosclerosis lesion in the segments proximal to the myocardial bridge is not affected by abnormal haemodynamic changes of myocardial bridges. " 08/01/2005 - "To assess long term stent implantation efficacy of myocardial bridge and severe atherosclerosis lesions in the segments proximal to the myocardial bridge. " Order ALL the reference details at left...
5.	Coronary Artery Bypass (Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery) 09/01/2012 - "In the present study, we investigated the benefit of ascending aorta replacement in patients with severe aortic atherosclerosis who undergo coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG). " 12/01/2006 - "This study investigated the previously uncertain relationship of embolic load captured during coronary artery bypass grafting and the extent of ascending aortic atherosclerosis as measured by wall thickness. " 01/01/2006 - "The purpose of this study was to investigate the assessment of ascending aortic atherosclerosis with 16-multidetector computed tomography (16-MDCT) angiography prior to total endoscopic coronary artery bypass (TECAB) surgery. " 04/01/1997 - "Study of the excess RA and internal thoracic artery segments remaining after coronary artery bypass grafting demonstrated that the RA had a higher degree of atherosclerosis than the internal thoracic artery at the time of harvest. " 10/01/1996 - "This study investigated whether varying degrees of atherosclerosis of the descending aorta, as assessed by TEE, are an independent predictor of cardiac and neurologic outcome in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). " Order ALL the reference details at left...

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