COVID-19

A viral disorder generally characterized by high FEVER; COUGH; DYSPNEA; CHILLS; PERSISTENT TREMOR; MUSCLE PAIN; HEADACHE; SORE THROAT; a new loss of taste and/or smell (see AGEUSIA and ANOSMIA) and other symptoms of a VIRAL PNEUMONIA. In severe cases, a myriad of coagulopathy associated symptoms often correlating with COVID-19 severity is seen (e.g., BLOOD COAGULATION; THROMBOSIS; ACUTE RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME; SEIZURES; HEART ATTACK; STROKE; multiple CEREBRAL INFARCTIONS; KIDNEY FAILURE; catastrophic ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID ANTIBODY SYNDROME and/or DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR COAGULATION). In younger patients, rare inflammatory syndromes are sometimes associated with COVID-19 (e.g., atypical KAWASAKI SYNDROME; TOXIC SHOCK SYNDROME; pediatric multisystem inflammatory disease; and CYTOKINE STORM SYNDROME). A coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, in the genus BETACORONAVIRUS is the causative agent.

Also Known As:

COVID19; 2019 nCoV Disease; 2019 nCoV Infection; 2019-nCoV Diseases; 2019-nCoV Infections; COVID 19; COVID 19 Pandemic; COVID 19 Virus Disease; COVID 19 Virus Infection; COVID-19 Virus Diseases; COVID-19 Virus Infections; Coronavirus Disease 19; Disease 2019, Coronavirus; Disease, 2019-nCoV; Disease, COVID-19 Virus; Infection, 2019-nCoV; Infection, COVID-19 Virus; Infection, SARS-CoV-2; Pandemic, COVID-19; SARS CoV 2 Infection; SARS-CoV-2 Infections; Virus Disease, COVID-19; Virus Infection, COVID-19; 2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease; 2019 Novel Coronavirus Infection; 2019-nCoV Disease; 2019-nCoV Infection; COVID-19 Pandemic; COVID-19 Pandemics; COVID-19 Virus Disease; COVID-19 Virus Infection; Coronavirus Disease 2019; Coronavirus Disease-19; SARS Coronavirus 2 Infection; SARS-CoV-2 Infection; Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection

Networked: 109434 relevant articles (7071 outcomes, 19678 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Infections
2.	COVID-19
3.	Pneumonia (Pneumonitis)
4.	Critical Illness (Critically Ill)
5.	Inflammation (Inflammations)

Experts

1.	Lippi, Giuseppe: 111 articles (11/2022 - 01/2020)
2.	Mahase, Elisabeth: 105 articles (02/2022 - 01/2020)
3.	Zhang, Wei: 99 articles (12/2022 - 01/2020)
4.	Wang, Wei: 93 articles (12/2022 - 01/2020)
5.	Wiwanitkit, Viroj: 83 articles (12/2022 - 01/2020)
6.	Liu, Yang: 83 articles (10/2022 - 01/2020)
7.	Hasan, Syed Shahzad: 77 articles (12/2022 - 01/2020)
8.	Wang, Jing: 76 articles (12/2022 - 01/2020)
9.	Kow, Chia Siang: 74 articles (12/2022 - 01/2020)
10.	Krammer, Florian: 72 articles (06/2022 - 01/2020)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to COVID-19:

1.	VaccinesIBA 12/15/2023 - "This study improved our understanding of perceptions most strongly associated with vaccine acceptance, allowing us to consider how to develop messages that may be particularly effective in encouraging vaccination among the general public for both the COVID-19 pandemic and future public health emergencies." 01/01/2023 - "People who had COVID-19 in this study, mainly middle-aged, vaccinated and highly educated, were generally positive about the vaccines information, but overall the reliability and clarity could be improved. " 12/01/2022 - "Furthermore, the results of these trials have established Pfizer to be the most efficacious vaccine against covid-19, having an efficacy of 94.6%. " 11/11/2021 - "Today, several vaccines have been shown to be highly effective in the prevention of SARS-CoV-2 infection and severe disease course in subjects without underlying conditions in respective registration studies. " 11/01/2023 - "Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines are extremely effective in preventing severe disease, but their real-world cost effectiveness is still an open question. "
2.	Antiviral Agents (Antivirals)IBA 10/01/2023 - "The lack of any effective cure for the infectious COVID-19 disease has created a sense of urgency and motivated the search for effective antiviral drugs. " 01/01/2022 - "Thus, NTL-125 is a highly potential antiviral compound of natural origin against SARS-CoV-2 and may serve as an important therapeutic for management of COVID-19." 07/01/2021 - "Nevertheless, no antiviral treatment has yet been proven effective for treating COVID-19 and symptomatic supportive cares have been the most common treatment. " 02/01/2021 - "The most recently published papers on the distribution of ACE2 in the human body and documented binding of GZ to this receptor, as well as its antiviral activity, suggest that GZ can be used as a therapeutic for COVID-19 and as a preventive agent against SARS-CoV-2." 01/01/2021 - "Although clinical trials to assess the efficacy of these antivirals are ongoing, this review highlights important information including docking and modeling analyses, in vitro studies, as well as results from clinical uses of these antivirals against COVID-19 pandemic."
3.	COVID-19 VaccinesIBA 07/01/2023 - "The COVID-19 vaccines are highly effective in preventing COVID-19 illness; however, pregnant people were not included in the original COVID-19 vaccine trials, with resultant conflicting recommendations from health organizations regarding vaccinations for this high-risk population. " 04/29/2022 - "Our study identified several determinants of COVID-19 vaccine intention (e.g., safety, trust, risk perception, etc.) and helped to select the most relevant determinants/beliefs to target in an intervention to maximize COVID-19 vaccination uptake. " 05/23/2023 - "While SARS-CoV-2 vaccines are highly protective against severe COVID-19 disease, they do not protect against other sarbecoviruses or merbecoviruses. " 02/03/2023 - "COVID-19 vaccines are safe and highly effective in reducing severe COVID-19, hospitalizations, and mortality (7,8); nevertheless, country-reported median completed primary series coverage among adults aged ≥60 years only reached 76% by the end of 2022, substantially below the WHO goal, especially in middle- and low-income countries. " 01/01/2023 - "Most surveyed pediatricians were very likely to recommend COVID-19 vaccination for children aged 5-to-11-years, perceived COVID-19 vaccines as safe and effective, and felt confident in their COVID-19 vaccine counselling for children aged 5-to-11 years. "
4.	remdesivirIBA 11/27/2023 - "We found that remdesivir was effective in treating most COVID-19 patients in our study. " 01/01/2022 - "We have proven the utility of the systems in rapidly introducing mutations in nsp12 and studying their effect on the efficacy of remdesivir, which is used worldwide for the treatment of COVID-19. " 09/01/2023 - "Clinical trials also demonstrated the efficacy of remdesivir in other patient populations, including outpatients at high risk for progression to severe COVID-19, as well as hospitalized paediatric patients. " 12/01/2022 - "Several studies report that adult patients hospitalized with severe COVID-19 can be treated successfully with remdesivir (RDV). " 01/01/2020 - "Of which, one completed double blind, placebo controlled trial showed that remdesivir showed faster time to clinical improvement in severe COVID-19 patients compared to placebo though not found statistically significant. "
5.	Hydroxychloroquine (Plaquenil)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2021 - "There are also uncertainties about the pathophysiology of COVID-19 and why there are variations in clinical presentations and why some patients suffer from long lasting symptoms-"the long haulers." To date, there are no significantly effective curative drugs for COVID-19, especially after failure of hydroxychloroquine trials to produce positive results. " 01/01/2021 - "from May to September 2020, the number of patients diagnosed with COVID-19 enrolled in the PROTECT clinical trial showed a decrease consistent with the number of news on hydroxychloroquine appearing in the national and local press, starting from the time when the first criticisms of the efficacy of hydroxychloroquine were made known; the number of contacts/cohabitants of COVID-19 patients showed a more marked and more timely decrease. " 07/01/2020 - "Optimal dosing & time: Issues to get hydroxychloroquine safety & efficacy against COVID-19/SARS-CoV-2." 01/01/2020 - "Currently, there is no available treatment proven to be effective against COVID-19, but multiple medications, including hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), are used off label. " 12/06/2021 - "In hospitalized adults with COVID-19, no significant reduction of the risk of unfavorable outcomes was observed with hydroxychloroquine in comparison to SOC. Unmeasured confounders may have persisted however, despite careful propensity-weighted analysis and the study might be underpowered. "
6.	AntibodiesIBA 11/01/2023 - "The individual's protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection is most commonly measured by the level and the neutralizing capacity of antibodies produced against SARS-CoV-2. " 10/09/2023 - "Since CCP containing high titers of spike antibodies is known to be most effective against variants, restricting CCP donors to those with antibody values in the upper two deciles may allow greater therapeutic transfusion protection.IMPORTANCEDespite the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern and ongoing transmission, COVID-19 hospitalization and mortality rates continue to decline. " 09/28/2023 - "PPHM technology was found to be highly effective in detecting the dynamic changes of antibodies in the serum of COVID-19 patients. " 11/20/2023 - "The efficacy of COVID-19 convalescent plasma (CP) associates with high titres of antibodies. " 09/01/2023 - "Antibodies competing with the mAb S11 were found in each group of sera with equal frequency, whereas presence of the antibodies competing with the mAb RS17 in the sera was significantly more frequent in the group of sera obtained from the patients recovered from severe COVID-19 indicating that such antibodies are associated with the severity of COVID-19. "
7.	tocilizumab (atlizumab)FDA Link 01/01/2021 - "Tocilizumab Induces Rapid, Sustained Improvement of Inflammatory Markers in COVID-19, With Clinical Improvement in Most Patients." 08/06/2021 - "Large randomized clinical trials in severe Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients have proven efficacy of intravenous tocilizumab. " 01/01/2021 - "However, we need more randomized research studies with a significant number of patients which can confirm the promising results on tocilizumab treatment in COVID-19 patients. " 05/01/2023 - "Efficacy of Tocilizumab in Severely Ill COVID-19 Patients With Rapid Respiratory Deterioration: A Single Center Experience During the Third Pandemic Wave in Greece." 12/01/2021 - "Tocilizumab was significantly associated with better survival and greater clinical improvement in severe or critical COVID-19 patients."
8.	mRNA VaccinesIBA 01/01/2022 - "Consistent with results from randomized trials and observational studies in other populations, mRNA vaccines were highly effective in preventing SARS-CoV-2 infections among incarcerated people. " 08/18/2021 - "Consistent with results from randomized trials and observational studies in other populations, mRNA vaccines were highly effective in preventing SARS-CoV-2 infections among incarcerated people. " 08/04/2023 - "Most importantly, mRNA vaccines have been highly efficacious in avoiding serious disease and death from COVID-19. " 01/06/2023 - "Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which spread worldwide from Wuhan, China, in 2019, appeared for a time to be overcome by the remarkable efficacy of mRNA vaccines; however, new variants of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 have emerged and remain rampant. " 01/01/2023 - "COVID-19 mRNA vaccines have been highly effective in preventing serious illness, hospitalization, and death. "
9.	Messenger RNA (mRNA)IBA 01/01/2021 - "The majority positive anti-S antibody detection in most primary immunodeficient (PID) patients among the few studies in the literature, such as the present case, support the safety and efficacy of mRNA COVID-19 vaccination in immunodeficient patients, although larger scale studies are needed. " 01/01/2023 - "mRNA-based COVID-19 booster vaccination is highly effective and cost-effective in Australia." 01/01/2022 - "The reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) is the most common method for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 viral mRNA and is regarded as the gold standard test for COVID-19. " 01/01/2022 - "SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination of healthy individuals is highly immunogenic and protective against severe COVID-19. " 01/01/2023 - "The prime-boost COVID-19 mRNA vaccination strategy has proven to be effective against severe COVID-19 disease and death. "
10.	Adrenal Cortex Hormones (Corticosteroids)IBA 01/01/2021 - "Currently, only corticosteroids have consistently proven to be effective in decreasing mortality and are recommended in clinical guidelines for the treatment of severe and critical COVID-19. " 01/01/2023 - "Various trials have recorded the beneficial outcome of corticosteroids in decreasing the mortality and morbidity of COVID-19. " 11/01/2023 - "HD-ANK is not beneficial in patients with severe COVID-19 deteriorating despite corticosteroids." 07/24/2023 - "Corticosteroids are shown to be beneficial in critical COVID-19, but the role of early corticosteroids in mild COVID-19 patients remains unclear. " 01/01/2023 - "Compared with usual care, inhaled corticosteroids was associated with significantly improved clinical recovery at 7 and 14 days in patients with COVID-19. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Therapeutics 01/01/2023 - "This review highlights the need for improved understanding of the basic biology of ACE2 in populations vulnerable to COVID-19 to best ensure their clinical management and the appropriate prescription of targeted therapeutics." 01/01/2023 - "The best efficacy of an add-on therapy for COVID-19 patients was found in A. " 01/01/2022 - "Moreover, designed ACe2-baased therapeutics would be still highly effective against covid-19, which could be the result of conserved nature of cellular ACE2. " 01/01/2022 - "The Lianhua Qingwen and Western medicine combination therapy is highly effective for COVID-19 patients and has good clinical safety. " 11/19/2021 - "TCZ with JAK/STAT inhibitor consolidation therapy might be highly effective in COVID-19 sCRS patients."
2.	Artificial Respiration (Mechanical Ventilation) 01/01/2023 - "Among hospitalized patients with severe breakthrough COVID-19, a recent fourth dose was associated with significant protection against mechanical ventilation or death compared with 3 doses." 04/01/2021 - "In addition, we found a significant reduction in COVID-19 patients needing mechanical ventilation on the ICU in the second wave. " 01/26/2021 - "Conclusions: In patients with COVID-19, therapeutic anticoagulation offers a significant reduction in the rate of in-hospital mortality, upgrade to intensive medical care, and invasive mechanical ventilation. " 01/01/2020 - "The need of mechanical ventilation is significantly greater in advanced age COVID-19 patients." 01/01/2023 - "For hospitalized cases of COVID-19, considering the entire period of the analysis, 2-dose schedule was moderately effective against intensive care unit admission (46%, [95% CI, 27-60]), need of mechanical ventilation (49%, [95% CI, 32-70]), severe COVID-19 (42%, [95% CI, 17-60]), and death (46%, [95% CI, 8-67]). "
3.	Length of Stay 01/01/2021 - "Further studies are needed to determine if this mobile geriatric team approach was beneficial in terms of mortality, length of stay, or functional, psychological, and cognitive outcomes in COVID-19 geriatric patients." 10/31/2023 - "The mean length of stay was significantly greater by 0.8 days for the COVID-19 group compared to their counterparts (1.5 vs 2.3, p < 0.001). " 01/01/2023 - "The current evidence reveals NAC is not beneficial for treating patients with COVID- 19 with regard to respiratory outcome, mortality, duration of ICU stay and hospital stay." 01/01/2022 - "Since COVID-19 is a newly emerging disease and there is no definitive cure for the disease, the discovery of an effective medicine may alter medical costs and reduce the hospital length of stay, therefore significantly reducing treatment costs." 01/01/2021 - "The addition of MB to the treatment protocols significantly improved SpO2 and respiratory distress in COVID-19 patients, which resulted in decreased hospital stay and mortality. "
4.	Critical Care (Surgical Intensive Care) 01/01/2022 - "These outcomes should raise awareness for anesthesiologists, obstetricians, pediatricians and intensive care physicians to identify severe cases of COVID-19 in pregnant women during childbirth and to take the necessary precautions to ensure the best treatment of mother and neonate. " 06/01/2021 - "• Most neonates with COVID-19 improved with supportive care, though a subset required intensive care, emphasizing the need for cautious monitoring and management." 01/01/2021 - "According to the metabolic equivalence classification of students, a negative and significant relationship between students' physical activity levels (inactive < minimally active < very active) and the risk of getting the positive results for COVID-19 (yes < no) and the severity of COVID-19 (in intensive care < in the hospital < mildly at home) was found. " 08/01/2022 - "A psychological crisis and emergency intervention helped critical care workers during the COVID-19 pandemic to verbalise and integrate the situation, providing strategies to cope with the experience with a high level of satisfaction from the participants assisted. " 10/01/2021 - "A targeted, asynchronous curriculum on critical care COVID-19 management led to significantly increased confidence, decreased stress, and improved knowledge among resident trainees and APPs. "
5.	Chinese Traditional Medicine (Traditional Chinese Medicine) 05/23/2023 - "The present study was designed to identify the prevalence of medicinal plant use in four municipalities of Benin most affected by COVID-19 and compare them with traditional Chinese medicine and finally verify the efficacy of the main components of the six plants most frequently used, via in vitro experiments. " 01/01/2022 - "Convincing clinical experiences showed that traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has exhibited remarkable efficacy in the prevention, treatment and rehabilitation of COVID-19. " 01/01/2022 - "During the previous and ongoing fight against the pandemic in China, Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) has proven to be markedly effective in treating COVID-19. " 01/01/2021 - "Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has played an important role in the treatment of COVID-19, but whether it is helpful for discharged patients is still unknown. " 12/01/2022 - "A few studies showed traditional Chinese medicine can be beneficial for COVID-19 treatment. "