Background:
Bacterial infections and
cancers may cause various acute or
chronic diseases, which have become serious global health issues. This requires suitable alternatives involving novel and efficient materials to replace ineffective existing
therapies. In this regard,
graphene composites are being continuously explored for a variety of purposes, including biomedical applications, due to their remarkable properties. Methods: Herein, we explore, in-vitro, the different
biological properties of highly reduced
graphene oxide (
HRG), including anti-
cancer, anti-bacterial, and anti-biofilm properties. Furthermore, to analyze the interactions of
graphene with
proteins of microbes, in silico docking analysis was also carried out. To do this,
HRG was prepared using
graphene oxide as a precursor, which was further chemically reduced to obtain the final product. The as-prepared
HRG was characterized using different types of microscopic and spectroscopic techniques. Results: The
HRG revealed significant cytotoxic ability, using a dose-dependent anti-cell proliferation approach, which substantially killed human
breast cancer cells (MCF-7) with IC50 of 29.51 ± 2.68 μg/mL. The
HRG demonstrated efficient
biological properties, i.e., even at low concentrations,
HRG exhibited efficient anti-microbial properties against a variety of microorganisms. Among the different strains, Gram-positive bacteria, such as B. subtilis, MRSA, and S. aureus are more sensitive to
HRG compared to Gram-negative bacteria. The bactericidal properties of
HRG are almost similar to a commercially available effective
antibiotic (
ampicillin). To evaluate the efficacy of
HRG against bacterial biofilms, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and MRSA were applied, and the results were compared with
gentamycin and
ampicillin, which are commonly applied standard
antibiotics. Notably,
HRG demonstrated high inhibition (94.23%) against P.aeruginosa, with lower MIC (50 μg/mL) and IC50 (26.53 μg/mL) values, whereas
ampicillin and
gentamicin showed similar inhibition (90.45% and 91.31% respectively) but much higher MIC and IC50 values. Conclusion: Therefore, these results reveal the excellent biopotential of
HRG in different biomedical applications, including
cancer therapy; antimicrobial activity, especially anti-biofilm activity; and other biomedicine-based
therapies. Based on the molecular docking results of Binding energy, it is predicted that pelB
protein and
HRG would form the best stable docking complex, and high
hydrogen and hydrophobic interactions between the pelB
protein and
HRG have been revealed. Therefore, we conclude that
HRG could be used as an antibiofilm agent against P. aeruginosa
infections.