Histomoniasis, also commonly referred to as blackhead disease, is caused by the protozoan parasite Histomonas meleagridis. Since the removal of
nitarsone in 2015, no approved prophylactics are available for mitigating
histomoniasis. Disease incidence and high mortalities are frequently associated with turkey flocks, although
infection of broiler breeders also occurs.
Quinine is a naturally occurring
alkaloid with
antimalarial properties. In vitro assays have shown strong antihistomonal properties of
quinine, leading to our hypothesis that
quinine inclusion within the feed could prevent
histomoniasis in turkeys. Selected concentrations of
quinine were included within a turkey starter diet to evaluate effects on
body weight gain (BWG), liver lesions, cecal lesions, and mortality of H. meleagridis-challenged turkeys. On day-of-hatch, poults were randomly assigned to either the basal diet or a
quinine diet. Groups consisted of a non-challenged control (NC; basal diet), 0.022% quinine + challenge, 0.067% quinine + challenge, 0.2% quinine + challenge, or a positive-challenged control (PC; basal diet). On d 10, challenged groups were intracloacally inoculated with 105H. meleagridis cells/turkey, and lesions were evaluated on d 21 post-
infection. Individual
body weights were recorded on d 0, d 10, and d 31 to calculate the pre-challenge and post-challenge BWG. No significant differences (P > 0.05) were observed between the d 0 to 10 pre-challenged BWG between
quinine treatment diets and the basal diet. Similarly, no differences (P > 0.05) were observed in post-challenge d10-31 BWG of the
quinine dietary treatments as compared to the PC. Cumulative mortalities, liver lesions, and cecal lesions related to
histomoniasis were not reduced (P > 0.05) in any of the
quinine treatment groups as compared to the PC. Although
quinine successfully reduced H. meleagridis cells in vitro, results from the in vivo experiment indicated no reduction in
histomoniasis severity as evidenced by similar lesions and mortality as the PC. Taken together, these data indicate that
quinine inclusion within the feed at these concentrations and under these experimental conditions was not efficacious in the prevention or treatment of
histomoniasis.