Transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) drives
fibrosis and
disease progression in a number of chronic disorders, but targeting this ubiquitously expressed
cytokine may not yield a viable and safe antifibrotic
therapy. Here, we sought to identify alternative ways to inhibit TGFβ signaling using human hepatic stellate cells and macrophages from humans and mice in vitro, as well as mouse models of liver, kidney, and lung
fibrosis. We identified Mer
tyrosine kinase (
MERTK) as a TGFβ-inducible effector of
fibrosis that was up-regulated during
fibrosis in multiple organs in three mouse models. We confirmed these findings in liver biopsy samples from patients with metabolic dysfunction-associated
fatty liver disease (MAFLD).
MERTK also induced TGFβ expression and drove TGFβ signaling resulting in a positive feedback loop that promoted
fibrosis in cultured cells.
MERTK regulated both canonical and noncanonical TGFβ signaling in both mouse and human cells in vitro.
MERTK increased transcription of genes regulating
fibrosis by modulating
chromatin accessibility and
RNA polymerase II activity. In each of the three mouse models, disrupting the
fibrosis-promoting signaling loop by reducing
MERTK expression reduced organ
fibrosis. Pharmacological inhibition of
MERTK reduced
fibrosis in these mouse models either when initiated immediately after injury or when initiated after
fibrosis was established. Together, these data suggest that
MERTK plays a role in modulating organ
fibrosis and may be a potential target for treating fibrotic diseases.