Cytokine expression patterns in hospitalized children with Bordetella pertussis, Rhinovirus or co-infection.

Abstract	Mechanisms of interaction between Bordetella pertussis and other viral agents are yet to be fully explored. We studied the inflammatory cytokine expression patterns among children with both viral-bacterial infections. Nasopharyngeal aspirate (NPA) samples were taken from children, aged < 1 year, positive for Rhinovirus, Bordetella pertussis and for Rhinovirus and Bordetella pertussis. Forty cytokines were evaluated in NPA by using human cytokine protein arrays and a quantitative analysis was performed on significantly altered cytokines. Forty cytokines were evaluated in NPA by using human cytokine protein arrays and a quantitative analysis was performed on significantly altered cytokines. Our results show that co-infections display a different inflammatory pattern compared to single infections, suggesting that a chronic inflammation caused by one of the two pathogens could be the trigger for exacerbation in co-infections.
Authors	Elisabetta Pandolfi, Nadia Panera, Anna Alisi, Emanuela Carloni, Luisa Russo, Ilaria Campagna, Caterina Rizzo, Carlo Concato, Giulia Linardos, Livia Piccioni, Sally Jackson, Alberto Villani, Fabio Midulla, Alberto E Tozzi
Journal	Scientific reports (Sci Rep) Vol. 11 Issue 1 Pg. 10948 (05 26 2021) ISSN: 2045-2322 [Electronic] England
PMID	34040002 (Publication Type: Comparative Study, Journal Article, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't)
Chemical References	Anti-Bacterial Agents Cytokines Inflammation Mediators
Topics	Age of Onset Anti-Bacterial Agents (therapeutic use) Coinfection Cytokines (biosynthesis, genetics) Disease Progression Family Characteristics Female Gene Expression Regulation Humans Infant Infant, Newborn Inflammation Inflammation Mediators (blood) Male Nasopharynx (metabolism, microbiology, virology) Picornaviridae Infections (genetics, metabolism) Rhinovirus Socioeconomic Factors Whooping Cough (drug therapy, genetics, metabolism)

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