Approximately 40% of patients with diabetic
macular edema (DME) are resistant to anti-
vascular endothelial growth factor (
VEGF)
therapy (rDME). Here, we demonstrate that significant correlations between inflammatory
cytokines and
VEGF, as observed in naive DME, are lost in patients with rDME.
VEGF overexpression in the mouse retina caused delayed inflammatory
cytokine upregulation, monocyte/macrophage infiltration (CD11b+ Ly6C+ CCR2+ cells), macrophage/microglia activation (CD11b+ CD80+ cells), and blood-retinal barrier disruption due to
claudin-5 redistribution, which did not recover with
VEGF blockade alone. Phosphorylated
protein analysis of
VEGF-overexpressed retinas revealed rho-associated coiled-coil-containing
protein kinase (ROCK) activation. Administration of
ripasudil, a selective ROCK inhibitor, attenuated
retinal inflammation and
claudin-5 redistribution.
Ripasudil also contributed to the stability of
claudin-5 expression by both transcriptional enhancement and degradation suppression in inflammatory
cytokine-stimulated endothelium. Notably, the anti-
VEGF agent and the ROCK inhibitor were synergic in suppressing
cytokine upregulation, monocyte/macrophage infiltration, macrophage/microglia activation, and
claudin-5 redistribution. Furthermore, in vitro analysis confirmed that
claudin-5 redistribution depends on ROCK2 but not on ROCK1. This synergistic effect was also confirmed in human rDME cases. Our results suggest that ROCK-mediated
claudin-5 redistribution by
inflammation is a key mechanism in the anti-
VEGF resistance of DME.