Group A streptococcus (GAS)
infection causes a strong inflammatory response associated with
cytokine storms, leading to multiorgan failure, which is characterized as streptococcal
toxic shock syndrome. However, little is known about GAS subcutaneous
infection-mediated
brain inflammation. Therefore, we used a bioluminescent GAS strain and reporter mice carrying
firefly luciferase under transcriptional control of the
nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) promoter to concurrently monitor the host immune response and bacterial burden in a single mouse. Notably, in addition to the subcutaneous inoculation locus at the back of mice, we detected strong luminescence signals from NF-κB activation and increased inflammatory
cytokine production in the brain, implying the existence of central nervous system
inflammation after GAS subcutaneous
infection. The inflamed brain exhibited an increased expression of
glial fibrillary acidic protein and
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase components and greater microglial activation and blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption. Furthermore,
Fluoro-Jade C positive cells increased in the brain, indicating that neurons underwent degeneration. Peripheral
tumor necrosis factor (TNF), which contributes to pathology in
brain injury, was elevated in the circulation, and the expression of its receptor was also increased in the inflamed brain. Blockage of peripheral TNF effectively reduced
brain inflammation and injury, thereby preventing BBB disruption and improving survival. Our study provides new insights into GAS-induced central nervous system
inflammation, such as
encephalopathy, which can be attenuated by circulating TNF blockage.