Hypersecretion of
cytokines by innate immune cells is thought to initiate
multiple organ failure in murine models of
sepsis. Whether human
cytokine storm also plays a similar role is not clear. Here, we show that human hematopoietic cells are required to induce
sepsis-induced mortality following cecal
ligation and
puncture (CLP) in the severely immunodeficient nonobese diabetic (NOD)/SCID/IL2Rγ(-/-) mice, and
siRNA treatment to inhibit
HMGB1 release by human macrophages and dendritic cells dramatically reduces
sepsis-induced mortality. Following CLP, compared with immunocompetent WT mice, NOD/SCID/IL2Rγ(-/-) mice did not show high levels of serum
HMGB1 or murine proinflammatory
cytokines and were relatively resistant to
sepsis-induced mortality. In contrast, NOD/SCID/IL2Rγ(-/-) mice transplanted with human hematopoietic stem cells [humanized bone marrow liver thymic mice (BLT) mice] showed high serum levels of
HMGB1, as well as multiple human but not murine proinflammatory
cytokines, and died uniformly, suggesting human
cytokines are sufficient to induce organ failure in this model. Moreover, targeted delivery of
HMGB1 siRNA to human macrophages and dendritic cells using a short
acetylcholine receptor (AchR)-binding
peptide [rabies virus
glycoprotein (RVG)-9R] effectively suppressed secretion of
HMGB1, reduced the human
cytokine storm, human lymphocyte apoptosis, and rescued humanized mice from CLP-induced mortality.
siRNA treatment was also effective when started after the appearance of
sepsis symptoms. These results show that CLP in humanized mice provides a model to study human
sepsis,
HMGB1 siRNA might provide a treatment strategy for human
sepsis, and RVG-9R provides a tool to deliver
siRNA to human macrophages and dendritic cells that could potentially be used to suppress a variety of human inflammatory diseases.