Pediatric Obesity

BODY MASS INDEX in children (ages 2-12) and in adolescents (ages 13-18) that is grossly above the recommended cut-off for a specific age and sex. For infants less than 2 years of age, obesity is determined based on standard weight-for-length percentile measures.

Also Known As:

Adolescent Obesity; Adolescent Overweight; Child Obesity; Childhood Onset Obesity; Childhood Overweight; Infant Obesity; Infant Overweight; Infantile Obesity; Obesity in Adolescence; Obesity in Childhood; Obesity, Adolescent; Obesity, Child; Obesity, Childhood; Obesity, Childhood Onset; Obesity, Infant; Obesity, Infantile; Obesity, Pediatric; Overweight, Adolescent; Overweight, Childhood; Overweight, Infant; Childhood Obesity

Networked: 1937 relevant articles (53 outcomes, 316 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Obesity
2.	Overweight
3.	Insulin Resistance
4.	Cardiovascular Diseases (Cardiovascular Disease)
5.	Inflammation (Inflammations)

Experts

1.	Caprio, Sonia: 12 articles (01/2022 - 04/2002)
2.	Kelly, Aaron S: 12 articles (01/2021 - 07/2011)
3.	Koletzko, Berthold: 11 articles (02/2021 - 05/2014)
4.	Moreno, Luis A: 10 articles (01/2022 - 08/2011)
5.	Perrone, Laura: 10 articles (01/2016 - 10/2004)
6.	Weiss, Ram: 9 articles (01/2022 - 05/2003)
7.	Verduci, Elvira: 9 articles (02/2021 - 10/2006)
8.	Santoro, Nicola: 9 articles (02/2019 - 10/2004)
9.	Li, Nan: 8 articles (02/2022 - 01/2015)
10.	Chrousos, George P: 8 articles (08/2021 - 07/2008)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Pediatric Obesity:

1.	Biomarkers (Surrogate Marker)IBA 04/01/2015 - "Taking this into consideration we have conducted the present study in order to explore the efficacy of plant based formulation in the management of adolescent obesity and its associated biomarkers. " 12/01/2023 - "Gut microbiome biomarkers in adolescent obesity: a regional study." 01/01/2023 - "Imaging metrics that had the strongest association with BMI and waist circumference in this population-level analysis may serve as target biomarkers of brain integrity in future treatment trials of childhood obesity." 04/01/2018 - "The aim of this study was to determine the potential role of leukocyte telomere length as a biomarker for development of childhood obesity in a low-income Latino population. " 01/01/2018 - "The aim of the current study was to identify potential biomarkers of childhood obesity, and investigate molecular mechanisms and candidate agents in order to improve therapeutic strategies for childhood obesity. "
2.	LeptinIBA 11/10/2015 - "Interventional studies are required to assess the impact of neonatal adiposity on the subsequent risk of childhood obesity and to determine whether interventions which reduce circulating leptin levels have a role to play in improving neonatal adiposity measures." 11/01/2006 - "A review of the scientific literature (PubMed Search 1994 to 2005) for studies examining the relationship among leptin, pediatric obesity and the impact of exercise intervention programmes on leptin concentrations are summarized. " 11/14/2023 - "Breast milk leptin plays a potential role in preventing childhood obesity. " 06/01/2023 - "High free leptin index as the risk factor for childhood obesity in Indonesia: A case-control study." 12/08/2022 - "Perinatal leptin deficiency and reduced intake of mother’s milk may contribute to the development of childhood obesity. "
3.	LipidsIBA 01/01/2021 - "Despite pediatric obesity worsening, lipids improved. " 06/14/2019 - "This study reveals a significant association of ANGPTL-4 with pediatric obesity and plasma lipid profile." 01/01/2018 - "This study aimed to investigate associations between BMI SDS, body composition, and fasting plasma lipid concentrations at baseline and during childhood obesity treatment. " 01/01/2016 - "In addition, the results of this study indicate WIC as a potential public health initiative to combat the childhood obesity epidemic and reduce other cardiovascular risk factors, such as blood lipids and blood pressure." 05/01/2013 - "Eligible studies were randomized trials enrolling children 6 to 12 years old and assessing the impact of educational interventions during 6 months or longer on waist circumference, body mass index (BMI), blood pressure and lipid profile to prevent or treat childhood obesity. "
4.	Vitamin D FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2023 - "Maternal vitamin D status and risk of childhood overweight at 5 years of age in two Nordic cohort studies." 10/01/2021 - "Maternal vitamin D intake affects postnatal growth and is inversely associated with childhood overweight in children of mothers with normal weight. " 01/18/2021 - "The Impact of the Coronavirus Disease-2019 Pandemic on Childhood Obesity and Vitamin D Status." 01/01/2021 - "Childhood obesity is associated with vitamin D (VD) deficiency and vascular dysfunction. " 01/01/2018 - "Low maternal vitamin D status in pregnancy increases the risk of childhood obesity."
5.	Metformin (Glucophage)FDA LinkGeneric 11/01/2018 - "Metformin in the Management of Childhood Obesity: A Randomized Control Trial." 02/01/2010 - "Metformin extended release treatment of adolescent obesity: a 48-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial with 48-week follow-up." 08/01/2022 - "Vicious cycle between severity of childhood obesity and pandemic: Potential impact of metformin." 01/01/2021 - "Metformin Treatment of Pediatric Obesity." 11/01/2018 - "Metformin compared with placebo has beneficial effects on anthropometric and metabolic indicators in the management of childhood obesity."
6.	Hormones (Hormone)IBA 12/01/2018 - "EDCs can disrupt the hormone-mediated metabolic pathways, affect children's growth and mediate the development of childhood obesity. " 09/01/2017 - "Impact of Metabolic Hormones Secreted in Human Breast Milk on Nutritional Programming in Childhood Obesity." 01/01/2009 - "Gender in childhood obesity: family environment, hormones, and genes." 01/01/2019 - "The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between 2D:4D and childhood overweight or obesity, which might indirectly show the role of prenatal hormone in childhood overweight or obesity. " 12/01/2021 - "Altered regional grey matter volume and appetite-related hormone levels in adolescent obesity with or without binge-eating disorder."
7.	Liraglutide FDA Link 01/25/2023 - "This research assessed the efficacy of liraglutide in treating childhood and adolescent obesity. " 01/25/2023 - "Three studies demonstrating liraglutide's effectiveness in treating child and adolescent obesity were included. " 01/25/2023 - "The search phrases "liraglutide", "pediatric obesity", "children", and "adolescents" were utilized. " 01/01/2021 - "Recent Food and Drug Administration approval of liraglutide for pediatric obesity will likely further increase its prescription rate. " 01/01/2020 - "Liraglutide for management of adolescent obesity."
8.	Glucose (Dextrose)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2023 - "The objectives of this study were to determine the longer-term trends in childhood obesity and glucose metabolism abnormalities among residents of Fukushima Prefecture 5 years after the Great East Japan Earthquake. " 01/01/2017 - "We found no association between intensive gestational glucose management and childhood obesity at 7-10 years of age (relative risk 0.89, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.65 to 1.22; two trials; n=568 children). " 08/01/2010 - "In this study, we screened the GIPR gene for mutations and examined the association between three single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs; rs8111428, rs2302382, rs1800437) and childhood obesity, as well as impaired glucose homeostasis. " 04/01/2002 - "We describe a series of studies that has elucidated the impact of both childhood and adolescent obesity on glucose and lipid metabolism in vivo. " 05/01/2000 - "In this study, we used the hyperglycemic clamp with a small oral glucose load to assess the effect of childhood obesity on GIP response in seven prepubertal lean and 11 prepubertal obese children and in 14 lean adolescents and 10 obese adolescents. "
9.	Proteins (Proteins, Gene)FDA Link 01/01/2019 - "From 11 remaining SRs, five discrete interventions were ranked "beneficial" or "possibly beneficial" for reducing risk factors for childhood obesity: (1) balanced energy/protein supplements, (2) dietary counseling alone, (3) low glycemic index dietary advice, (4) diet and exercise counseling, (5) diet counseling and supervised exercise. " 10/31/2023 - "The results of our study suggest that these MC4R nsSNPs may disrupt normal protein function, leading to an increased risk of childhood obesity. " 07/15/2021 - "The aim of the study was to analyze the expression of chosen IGF-axis genes and the concentration of their protein products in 28 obese children (OB) and 34 healthy control (HC), and their correlation with essential parameters associated with childhood obesity. " 06/01/2020 - "The CHOP trial is a multicenter intervention trial in Germany, Belgium, Italy, Poland and Spain that tested the effect of varying levels of protein in infant formula on the risk for childhood obesity. " 07/19/2019 - "The simulation model consists of two parts: (a) Model I used data from the European Childhood Obesity Project (CHOP) trial (up to 6 years) and the German Interview and Examination Survey for Children (KiGGS) (6-17 years) to evaluate BMI trajectories of infants receiving either lower protein (LP) or higher protein (HP) content formula; and (b) Model II estimated lifetime cost-effectiveness based on Model I BMI trajectories. "
10.	Insulin (Novolin)FDA Link 06/01/2008 - "Previous studies have described genetic associations of the insulin gene variable number tandem repeat (INS VNTR) variant with childhood obesity and associated phenotypes. " 01/01/2023 - "Childhood obesity has been associated with prenatal exposure to maternal hyperglycaemia, but we lack understanding about maternal insulin physiologic components that contribute to this association. " 09/01/2021 - "AWFT, on the basis of its correlation with fasting insulin level and HOMA-IR value, may be a useful sonographic parameter in the management of childhood obesity." 03/26/2021 - "There is controversy regarding the relationship between insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and pediatric obesity. " 01/01/2018 - "Impaired microvascular insulin signaling may develop before overt indices of microvascular endothelial dysfunction and represent an early pathological feature of adolescent obesity. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Drug Therapy (Chemotherapy) 01/01/2017 - "As new medications are approved to treat pediatric obesity, it will be important to evaluate the safety and efficacy of combination pharmacotherapy and investigate predictors of response. " 02/01/2015 - "Lifestyle interventions remain the treatment of choice in pediatric obesity, but concomitant pharmacotherapy may be beneficial in some patients. " 01/01/2018 - "Using the case as a platform, the current state of pharmacotherapy for pediatric obesity will be described thereby highlighting the limited efficacy of single agents. " 01/01/2008 - "The results of this review indicate that the safety and efficacy of surgical and pharmacotherapy treatments for adolescent obesity is uncertain. " 03/01/2017 - "Although some behavioral and pharmacotherapy studies report modest success, additional research into accessible and effective methods for preventing and treating pediatric obesity is needed. "
2.	Bariatric Surgery 02/07/2023 - "Background: Metabolic and bariatric surgery (MBS) has been shown to be safe and effective for the treatment of adolescent obesity, yet many providers express hesitance to refer adolescents for surgery due to concerns for insufficient insurance coverage. " 01/01/2023 - "The aim of this article was to evaluate whether or not bariatric surgery is an effective and safe treatment option for childhood obesity. " 11/01/2019 - "Conclusions: Bariatric surgery is safe and effective in treating adolescent obesity, when preformed in experienced centers." 01/01/2019 - "Despite the efficacy of bariatric surgery in adolescents and the increasing rates of adolescent obesity, the use of bariatric surgery remains low. " 11/01/2023 - "The prevalence of childhood and adolescent obesity in the United States has reached alarming levels, necessitating effective interventions such as bariatric surgery. "
3.	Therapeutics 10/01/2020 - "Background: Family-oriented therapies are the gold standard of childhood obesity treatment, yet little is known about if or how information gathered by one parent from a health care provider is translated to the home. " 06/01/2023 - "Individual responses were observed in inflammatory process and physical fitness, important changes in overweight adolescent's therapy. Trial registration number and date of registration: This study was registered with the Brazilian Registry of Clinical Trials (REBEC), the number RBR-6343y7, date of registration May 3, 2017. " 07/06/2018 - "Future studies with more intense therapy and larger sample sizes are warranted to examine the role of mindful eating in treating pediatric obesity." 01/01/1967 - "[Studies on the fasting therapy of obesity in childhood. " 01/25/2023 - "There is currently minimal usage of pharmacological therapies for childhood obesity in the pediatric population. "
4.	Gastrectomy 01/01/2021 - "Sleeve gastrectomy (SG) may be considered a safe option for treatment of adolescent obesity. " 01/01/2016 - "The aim of this study was to establish the safety and efficacy of robotic-assisted laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (RSG) in treating severe adolescent obesity. " 01/01/2015 - "The efficacy of laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy in treating adolescent obesity." 01/01/2021 - "Impact of Baseline BMI and Adherence to Follow-Up on the Outcome of Sleeve Gastrectomy in Treatment of Adolescent Obesity." 01/01/2018 - "Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) outcomes among adolescents and factors associated with adolescent obesity in Singapore were evaluated. "
5.	Secondary Prevention 12/28/2017 - "This cross-sectional analysis examined baseline data on 517 children from the secondary prevention component of the Texas Childhood Obesity Research Demonstration (TX CORD) study; data were collected from September 2012 through February 2014. " 02/01/2015 - "Incorporating primary and secondary prevention approaches to address childhood obesity prevention and treatment in a low-income, ethnically diverse population: study design and demographic data from the Texas Childhood Obesity Research Demonstration (TX CORD) study." 01/01/2020 - "The findings of this review showed a limited potential of technology-based interventions, employed as secondary prevention, to address childhood obesity. " 01/01/2020 - "This systematic review aimed to review and critically appraise the literature published to date in relation to the effectiveness of technology-based interventions, employed as secondary prevention, in addressing childhood obesity. " 02/01/2015 - "There is consensus that development and evaluation of a systems-oriented approach for child obesity prevention and treatment that includes both primary and secondary prevention efforts is needed. "