Reproductive Tract Infections

Infections of the genital tract in females or males. They can be caused by endogenous, iatrogenic, or sexually transmitted organisms.

Also Known As:

Genital Tract Infections; Genital Tract Infection; Infection, Genital Tract; Infection, Reproductive Tract; Infections, Genital Tract; Infections, Reproductive Tract; Reproductive Tract Infection

Networked: 536 relevant articles (44 outcomes, 64 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Infections
2.	Urinary Tract Infections (Urinary Tract Infection)
3.	Sexually Transmitted Diseases (Sexually Transmitted Disease)
4.	Body Weight (Weight, Body)
5.	Premature Birth (Birth, Premature)

Experts

1.	Jerse, Ann E: 16 articles (01/2022 - 02/2004)
2.	Darville, Toni: 11 articles (03/2022 - 12/2003)
3.	Beagley, Kenneth W: 11 articles (01/2017 - 08/2003)
4.	Hillier, Sharon L: 6 articles (01/2021 - 09/2002)
5.	Timms, Peter: 6 articles (12/2014 - 03/2008)
6.	Begum, Afrin A: 5 articles (01/2022 - 05/2009)
7.	Andrews, Charles W: 5 articles (12/2013 - 12/2003)
8.	Connolly, Kristie L: 4 articles (01/2022 - 01/2019)
9.	Shafer, William M: 4 articles (01/2022 - 11/2013)
10.	Johnson, Raymond M: 4 articles (11/2020 - 02/2012)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Reproductive Tract Infections:

1.	Anti-Bacterial Agents (Antibiotics)IBA 10/01/1994 - "The efficacy of administering an antibiotic prior to IUD insertion to reduce the risk of introducing an upper genital tract infection during the procedure has not yet been established. " 05/01/1996 - "To determine the efficacy of periabortal antibiotics in preventing postabortal upper genital tract infection using data from published trials. " 05/10/2019 - "P = 0.014), those who did not use antibiotics (31.9%) prior to the study (χ2 = 12.893, P = 0.002) and women with no history of a genital tract infection (χ2 = 18.154, P = 0.001). " 10/01/1994 - "This multi-site trial will evaluate whether use of an antibiotic prior to insertion reduces the risk of IUD removal for all medical reasons, including upper genital tract infection, within the first three months after insertion. " 02/01/2011 - "Thus the common misdiagnosis of genital tract infection, based on the presence of seminal bacteria, and unnecessary treatment with antibiotics may be avoided."
2.	VaccinesIBA 03/01/2014 - "Most vaccines developed against Chlamydia using animal models provide partial protection against a genital tract infection. " 01/01/2019 - "In conclusion, this study demonstrated that both MIP and Pgp3 can induce cross-serovar protective against chlamydial genital tract infection, and provided the guide for the development of optimal multisubunit vaccines against C. " 06/01/1994 - "Therefore, oral immunization offers the possibility for development of easily administered vaccines that will be effective in prevention against important respiratory and genital tract infections. " 06/01/2012 - "Previous studies have shown that CD4 T cells are necessary and sufficient to clear primary Chlamydia muridarum genital tract infections in the mouse model, making a protective CD4 T cell response a logical endpoint for vaccine development. " 01/01/2023 - "Given that most chlamydia cases are asymptomatic and no vaccine is currently available, chlamydia prevention strategies should include behavioral interventions as well as early screening programs to identify and treat individuals with genital tract infections, especially those with the above identified risk factors."
3.	Membrane Proteins (Integral Membrane Proteins)IBA 06/01/1999 - "HLA class I-restricted CD8+ CTLs specific for the major outer membrane protein (MOMP) of Chlamydia trachomatis are present in the peripheral blood of humans who acquired genital tract infections with the organism. " 06/01/1999 - "Induction of HLA class I-restricted CD8+ CTLs specific for the major outer membrane protein of Chlamydia trachomatis in human genital tract infections." 10/01/1995 - "Major outer membrane protein variants of Chlamydia trachomatis are associated with severe upper genital tract infections and histopathology in San Francisco." 10/01/1995 - "Cervical and endometrial samples from 33 women with lower genital tract infection (LGTI) or pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) were evaluated for Chlamydia trachomatis major outer membrane protein gene (omp1) polymorphism. " 09/15/2015 - "The VD4 region from the Chlamydia trachomatis major outer membrane protein contains important neutralizing B-cell epitopes of relevance for antibody-mediated protection against genital tract infection. "
4.	AntigensIBA 01/01/2020 - "Memory antigen-specific CD4+ T cells against Chlamydia trachomatis are necessary for protection against secondary genital tract infection. " 01/01/2021 - "In this article, we review CT serological assays, including the use of antigens preferentially expressed during upper genital tract infection, and suggest future research directions. " 11/01/2020 - "The T-cell response to chlamydia genital tract infections in humans and mice is unusual because the majority of antigen-specific CD8 T cells are not class I restricted (referred to here as "unrestricted" or "atypical"). " 07/15/2017 - "The concentration of macrophages in semen samples from broiler rabbit males of lines M91 and P91 (n = 30) without overt evidence of genital tract infections was determined using monocyte/macrophage lineage antigen CD14 and flow cytometry. " 12/15/2016 - "Identification of Chlamydia trachomatis Antigens Recognized by T Cells From Highly Exposed Women Who Limit or Resist Genital Tract Infection."
5.	Immunoglobulin G (IgG)IBA 10/01/1999 - "trachomatis genital tract infection and does not parallel that of anti-Chsp60 IgG antibodies." 10/01/1999 - "In the French population studied, there was a significant association between detection of anti-r-Chsp10 immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies and chronic genital tract infections. " 05/01/1997 - "In the absence of an active genital tract infection, the presence of elevated serum Chlamydia IgG Ab was not associated with a poor IVF outcome when couples were treated with antibiotics prior to stimulation. " 01/01/2011 - "genitalium IgG antibodies are in this study associated with epithelial ovarian tumors in some subsets, which support the hypothesis linking upper-genital tract infections and ovarian tumor development." 02/01/2004 - "trachomatis genital tract infection should induce both antibody (immunoglobulin A [IgA] and IgG) responses in mucosal secretions to prevent infection by chlamydial EB and a strong Th1 response to limit ascending infection to the uterus and fallopian tubes. "
6.	Immunoglobulin A (IgA)IBA 03/01/2002 - "IgA Ab to human HSP 60 were determined in seminal plasma of 202 randomly chosen male partners of subfertile couples with a median duration of infertility of 4 years (range 1-15 years), who were asymptomatic for genital tract infection. " 12/01/1995 - "Our results demonstrate that MHC class II-restricted T-cell responses are necessary for the development of protective immunity to Chlamydia genital tract infection and that local (vaginal) anti-Chlamydia IgA antibody coincides with the resolution of infection. " 12/01/2014 - "Together, these data suggest the importance of pIgR-mediated delivery of IgA targeting extra-epithelial, but not intra-epithelial, chlamydial antigens for protection against a genital tract infection. " 03/01/1997 - "Genital tract infection with Chlamydia trachomatis fails to induce protective immunity in gamma interferon receptor-deficient mice despite a strong local immunoglobulin A response." 02/01/2004 - "trachomatis genital tract infection should induce both antibody (immunoglobulin A [IgA] and IgG) responses in mucosal secretions to prevent infection by chlamydial EB and a strong Th1 response to limit ascending infection to the uterus and fallopian tubes. "
7.	Lactic Acid (Lactate)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2019 - "Vaginal lactobacilli produce lactic acid, and are known to confer protection against reproductive tract infections when they are predominant in the vaginal microbiota. " 03/01/2007 - "The importance of lactate utilization during colonization was evaluated in the murine model of lower genital tract infection. " 08/06/2013 - "Influence of vaginal bacteria and D- and L-lactic acid isomers on vaginal extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer: implications for protection against upper genital tract infections." 01/01/2013 - "Lactic acid at sufficiently acidic pH is a potent microbicide, and lactic acid produced by vaginal lactobacilli may help protect against reproductive tract infections. " 03/01/2007 - "To investigate the importance of lactate utilization during Neisseria gonorrhoeae genital tract infection, we identified the gene lctP, which encodes the gonococcal lactate permease. "
8.	dapagliflozinIBA 04/01/2015 - "Moreover, treatment with dapagliflozin does not increase risk for hypoglycaemia, but is associated with increased incidence of mild to moderate urinary and genital tract infections. " 07/01/2019 - "Dapagliflozin was associated with an increased risk of urinary tract infections (relative risk [RR]: 1.74; 95% CI: 1.21, 2.49; P = .003) and genital tract infections (RR: 3.52; 95% CI: 2.06, 6.03; P < .00001). " 07/01/2019 - "Dapagliflozin monotherapy was well tolerated and effective in reducing the level of HbA1c, FPG, and body weight in patients with T2DM without increasing hypoglycaemia, although it may increase the risk of urinary tract infections and genital tract infections. " 03/01/2014 - "Dapagliflozin appears to be an effective treatment for type 2 diabetes, although it may increase the risk of urinary tract infections and genital tract infections." 03/01/2014 - "Dapagliflozin increased urinary glucose excretion (WMD: 26.98; 95% CI: 21.72, 32.24; p < 0.00001) and was associated with an increased risk of urinary tract infections (RR: 1.33; 95% CI: 1.10, 1.60; p = 0.004) and genital tract infections (RR: 3.23; 95% CI: 2.50, 4.18; p = 0.00001). "
9.	B-Lymphocyte Epitopes (B-Cell Epitope)IBA 09/15/2015 - "The VD4 region from the Chlamydia trachomatis major outer membrane protein contains important neutralizing B-cell epitopes of relevance for antibody-mediated protection against genital tract infection. " 08/01/1995 - "The protective efficacy of an alum-adsorbed, parenterally administered synthetic oligopeptide immunogen corresponding to antigenically common T-helper and neutralizing B-cell epitopes of the Chlamydia trachomatis major outer membrane protein was studied in a murine model of chlamydial genital tract infection. "
10.	Contraceptive Agents (Contraceptives)IBA 11/01/2016 - "The aim of this study was to investigate the association between specific contraceptives use and reproductive tract infections (RTIs). " 01/01/2012 - "The objective of this study was to investigate the current sexual and reproductive health (SRH) status including SRH-related knowledge and associated factors, self-reported symptoms of reproductive tract infection (RTI), medical assistance seeking behavior, sexual experience and contraceptive use, reproductive information approach and reproductive service utilization among female migrant workers in Huangpu district, Guangzhou city, China. " 01/01/1999 - "This study was designed to compare the rates of genital tract infections and the contraceptive choices of a random sample of 800 women, using an ex post facto design. " 01/01/2021 - "Risk-based screening to identify reproductive tract infection among HIV-infected women desiring use of intrauterine contraceptives." 09/01/2015 - "In this article, we show that in young reproductive-age women most vulnerable to HIV, hormonal contraceptives are associated with altered cervical immunity in a manner dependent on the presence of genital tract infections. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Therapeutics 01/01/1996 - "It is therefore necessary to use therapy effective against known and unknown pathogens for treating lower genital tract infection. " 01/01/2019 - "Further studies may lead to optimization of therapies in the treatment of reproductive tract infections and pregnancy failure, and may create opportunities for novel approaches for improving reproductive efficiency in animals and people." 10/01/2016 - "The present study concludes that the prevalence of lower genital tract infections is 25.3 % in HIV-positive women on anti-retroviral therapy. " 10/01/2016 - "To study the colposcopic findings and prevalence of lower genital tract infections in HIV-positive women on anti-retroviral therapy. " 10/01/2016 - "Colposcopic Study of Lower Genital Tract Infections in HIV-Positive Women on Antiretroviral Therapy."
2.	Contraception (Birth Control) 03/01/2013 - "Furthermore, intensive efforts towards developing dual protection rings, providing both contraception and protection against reproductive tract infections, offer hope that this greatly needed technology will soon undergo clinical testing and will be in the hands of women worldwide in the near future." 09/01/2015 - "Clinical studies assessing the effects of contraception on HIV susceptibility and mucosal immunity may generate disparate results in populations that differ by microbiota background or prevalence of undiagnosed genital tract infections. " 11/01/2011 - "The baboon (Papio hamadryas anubis) can be transcervically instrumented, facilitating studies of intrauterine contraception and reproductive tract infection. " 03/01/1989 - "The prevalence of symptoms of reproductive tract infections (RTIs) among users of various contraceptive methods and nonusers was investigated in a population-based study conducted in rural Bangladesh. " 03/01/1989 - "This population-based study examines the magnitude and nature of morbidity due to reproductive tract infections among users of various contraceptive methods and among nonusers in a rural community in Bangladesh. "
3.	Induced Abortion (Induced Abortions) 11/01/1997 - " The present study analyzed the prevalence of genital tract infections in 1672 women undergoing induced abortion at 3 centers in Scotland and evaluated the efficacy of two preventive interventions. " 01/01/2011 - "Our study showed that the rates of induced abortion and reproductive tract infections among married women in Anhui province were both high. " 01/01/2011 - "[Study on the correlation between induced abortion and reproductive tract infections]." 11/01/1997 - "A multicentre study designed to determine the prevalence of genital tract infections among Scottish women seeking induced abortion, and to compare strategies of 'universal prophylaxis' and 'screen and treat' for minimizing infective morbidity in such women has been undertaken. " 04/01/2011 - "Currently, rates of upper genital tract infection in the setting of legal induced abortion in the United States are generally less than 1%. "
4.	Antibiotic Prophylaxis 03/14/2012 - "Antibiotic prophylaxis at the time of first trimester surgical abortion is effective in preventing post-abortal upper genital tract infection. " 04/01/2001 - "Antibiotic prophylaxis to prevent post-abortal upper genital tract infection in women with bacterial vaginosis: randomised controlled trial." 04/01/2011 - "The presence of Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae or acute cervicitis carries a significant risk of upper genital tract infection; this risk is significantly reduced with antibiotic prophylaxis. " 03/14/2012 - "To determine:1. the effectiveness of antibiotic prophylaxis in preventing post-abortal upper genital tract infection; 2. the most effective antibiotic regimen; 3. the most effective strategy. " 07/01/2004 - "No effect was observed for any key recommendation: appointment with a gynaecologist within five days of referral (odds ratio 0.89; 95% confidence interval 0.50 to 1.58); ascertainment of cervical cytology history (0.93; 0.36 to 2.40); antibiotic prophylaxis or screening for lower genital tract infection (1.70; 0.71 to 5.99); use of misoprostol as an alternative to gemeprost (1.00; 0.27 to 1.77); and offer of contraceptive supplies at discharge (1.11; 0.48 to 2.53). "
5.	Hormonal Contraception 06/01/2009 - "The only problems occurring in women who have never had children are pain during insertion and more frequent expulsions; (14) A copper IUD is a first-line contraceptive method for women with a history of deep venous thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, or coronary events; (15) It is better to postpone IUD insertion when the woman has a genital tract infection or unexplained vaginal bleeding; (16) IUD insertion is an effective alternative to "morning-after" hormonal contraception." 01/01/2000 - " The following lists offer a brief insight into the breadth of research available to family planners: 1) the multicenter study of the lactational amenorrhea method to test its acceptability and efficacy as an introductory postpartum method; 2) the multinational study of breast cancer and depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) confirmed the decrease in risk of having breast cancer among women who are using DMPA; 3) several investigations on family planning particularly the new guidelines for family planning methods, contraceptive failure, and probability of conception after the 6th day of contraceptive cessation were studied; 4) researches were also made on the prevalence of Kaposi's sarcoma, Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia among young and homosexual men, and other opportunistic infections secondary to AIDS/HIV infection, and the efficacy of zidovudine in the prevention of HIV vertical transmission; 5) trials have been conducted on the mechanism of IUDs, its relation to pelvic inflammatory disease, and the negligible result of prophylactic antibiotics in the risk of having upper genital tract infection after IUD insertion; and 6) reports from researches have indicated the relationship between hormonal contraception use and breast cancer; and between ovarian cancer, stroke, acne vulgaris and oral contraceptive use. "