Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome

Post acute stage of COVID-19 virus infection. Persistent symptoms may include FATIGUE; DYSPNEA; and MEMORY LOSS.

Also Known As:

COVID, Long-Haul; COVID-19 Post-Acute Sequelae; COVID-19 Syndrome, Post-Acute; COVID-19, Long Haul; Long Haul COVID; Long Haul COVID 19; Long Haul COVID-19s; Long-Haul COVIDs; PASC Post Acute Sequelae of COVID 19; Post Acute COVID 19 Syndrome; Post Acute Sequelae of COVID 19; Post Acute Sequelae of SARS CoV 2 Infection; Post COVID Conditions; Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndromes; Post-COVID Condition; Long COVID; Long Haul COVID-19; Long-Haul COVID; PASC Post Acute Sequelae of COVID-19; Post Acute COVID-19 Syndrome; Post-Acute Sequelae of COVID-19; Post-Acute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 Infection; Post-COVID Conditions

Networked: 750 relevant articles (59 outcomes, 140 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	COVID-19
2.	Fatigue
3.	Infections
4.	Myalgia
5.	Inflammation (Inflammations)

Experts

1.	Haroon, Shamil: 3 articles (11/2022 - 01/2022)
2.	Hughes, Sarah E: 3 articles (11/2022 - 01/2022)
3.	McMullan, Christel: 3 articles (11/2022 - 01/2022)
4.	Sivan, Manoj: 3 articles (11/2022 - 01/2022)
5.	Greenhalgh, Trisha: 3 articles (01/2022 - 12/2020)
6.	Guedj, Eric: 3 articles (01/2022 - 12/2021)
7.	Henrich, Timothy J: 3 articles (01/2022 - 01/2022)
8.	Peluso, Michael J: 3 articles (01/2022 - 01/2022)
9.	Efrati, Shai: 2 articles (12/2022 - 02/2022)
10.	Sasson, Efrat: 2 articles (12/2022 - 02/2022)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome:

1.	VaccinesIBA 07/16/2022 - "Despite some of the data showing variable results, most of the vaccinated patients reported improvement in long COVID symptoms with no significant difference between various types of vaccines. " 07/16/2022 - "Further trials are needed to better identify the comparative efficacy of vaccines for long COVID and ascertain other therapeutic modalities." 01/01/2022 - "Here, we provide rationales for the necessity of updating current vaccines to improve protection against omicron and emerging variants, as well as more research into understanding the epidemiology and mechanisms of long COVID." 12/01/2023 - "Promising results have been published with vaccines as they effectively reduced the risk of Long COVID; however, other data suggest that vaccination results only partial protection in the post-acute phase of the disease. " 03/01/2023 - "Key uncertainties that would affect the choice of vaccination strategies are: (1) the duration of protection against severe disease, (2) the protection against severe disease from variants that escape vaccine-induced immunity, (3) the incidence of long-COVID and level of protection provided by the vaccine, and (4) the rate of serious adverse events following vaccination, stratified by demographic variables."
2.	Antiviral Agents (Antivirals)IBA 12/01/2023 - "We report beneficial effect of early use of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antivirals and mAbs on long COVID." 01/01/2023 - "These findings provide evidence for two major types of antiviral immune responses in long COVID. " 01/01/2023 - "The role of adaptive immune responses in long COVID remains poorly understood, with contrasting hypotheses suggesting either an insufficient antiviral response or an excessive immune response associated with inflammatory damage. " 12/05/2022 - "At a propensity-score-matched analysis, the mAbs/antivirals group had a significantly lower occurrence of long COVID in comparison with untreated controls (11% vs. 34%; p = 0.001). " 12/05/2022 - "Age (OR 1.03; p < 0.001), gender (OR 1.88; p < 0.001) and at least three comorbidities (OR 3.49; p = 0.049) were directly associated with long COVID; conversely, vaccination (OR 0.59; p = 0.005) and mAbs/antivirals (OR 0.44; p = 0.002) were independently associated with a reduced risk of long COVID. "
3.	Biomarkers (Surrogate Marker)IBA 11/01/2023 - "Collectively, these findings may help to guide future studies into the pathobiology of long COVID and help with developing relevant biomarkers." 11/02/2023 - "The study findings provided molecular insights into potential mechanism of long COVID, and put forward biomarkers for more precise intervention to reduce burden of long COVID. " 10/31/2023 - "The framework developed here has potential utility in the study of long COVID and may streamline biomarker discovery and treatment design for diseases with differential pathologies at the organ level." 05/31/2023 - "Additionally, this study will determine whether biomarkers or patterns of immune dsyregulation associate with decreased cognitive function or symptoms of long COVID. " 05/31/2023 - "The study also aims to identify blood-based biomarkers or patterns of immune dysregulation associated with long COVID. "
4.	RNA (Ribonucleic Acid)IBA 07/31/2023 - "Given the high [18F]F-AraG uptake detected in the gut, we obtained colorectal tissue for in situ hybridization SARS-CoV-2 RNA and immunohistochemical studies in a subset of participants with Long COVID symptoms. " 01/01/2023 - "Smoking (adjusted risk ratio [aRR], 2.41 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 1.34- 4.32]), female sex (aRR, 1.91 [95% CI, 1.28-2.85]), non-Hispanic ethnicity (aRR, 1.92 [95% CI, 1.19-3.13]), and presence of symptoms 22-28 days posttreatment (aRR, 2.70 [95% CI, 1.63-4.46]) were associated with long COVID, but nasal severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 RNA was not. " 01/01/2023 - "SARS-CoV-2 spike RNA had persisted in the epipharyngeal mucosa of this Long COVID patient. " 09/01/2022 - "These RNA-seq data form the foundation for further gene expression analysis using samples from individuals suffering from long COVID." 01/01/2021 - "SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the Cerebrospinal Fluid of a Patient with Long COVID."
5.	COVID-19 VaccinesIBA 01/01/2023 - "Lastly, we evaluate how the post-COVID condition could be accurately diagnosed and effectively treated, including examples of the current guidelines, clinical outcomes, and tools that have been developed to aid in this process, as well as addressing the protection provided by COVID-19 vaccines against the post-COVID-19 condition. " 01/01/2023 - "Efficacy of first dose of covid-19 vaccine versus no vaccination on symptoms of patients with long covid: target trial emulation based on ComPaRe e-cohort." 01/01/2023 - "We searched PubMed, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Scopus, and Web of Science from December 1, 2019, to June 2, 2023, for studies evaluating the COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness (VE) against post-COVID conditions among fully vaccinated individuals who received two doses of COVID-19 vaccine. " 01/01/2022 - "There should be more studies to explore the basic mechanisms of the protective effect of COVID-19 vaccines on long COVID in the future." 01/01/2022 - "However, the conclusions of the studies on the effect of COVID-19 vaccines on long COVID were not consistent. "
6.	CytokinesIBA 01/01/2023 - "We speculate that the virus was excreted with the drainage induced by EAT, which stopped the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines. This case study suggests that EAT is a useful treatment for chronic epipharyngitis involving long COVID." 05/19/2023 - "This study aimed to assess short-term heart rate variability (HRV), peripheral body temperature, and serum cytokine levels in patients with long COVID. " 01/01/2021 - "Our study suggests potential immune correlates of "long COVID-19", and defines key cells and cytokines that delineate true and quasi-convalescent states." 10/01/2023 - "Unique immune and inflammatory cytokine profiles may define long COVID syndrome." 05/19/2023 - "Imbalance of Peripheral Temperature, Sympathovagal, and Cytokine Profile in Long COVID."
7.	AntigensIBA 10/26/2023 - "More work will be needed to determine whether these antigens have a causal role in post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC)." 01/01/2023 - "These data suggest a portion of long COVID symptoms may be due to chronic immune activation and the presence of persistent SARS-CoV-2 antigen. " 01/01/2023 - "The role of immune activation and antigen persistence in acute and long COVID." 10/03/2022 - "Long COVID, defined as reporting continued COVID-19 symptoms beyond 2 months after the initial month of symptoms, among individuals with self-reported positive results of a polymerase chain reaction test or antigen test. " 08/09/2023 - "To date, the exact pathophysiology of long COVID remains unclear: in addition to the persistence of acute-phase infection mechanisms, specific pathways of CV damage have been postulated, such as persistent viral reservoirs in the heart or an autoimmune response to cardiac antigens through molecular mimicry. "
8.	montelukast (Singulair)FDA Link 02/09/2022 - "Correction to: Double-blind placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial to assess the efficacy of montelukast in mild to moderate respiratory symptoms of patients with long COVID: E-SPERANZA COVID Project study protocol." 01/06/2022 - "Double-blind placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial to assess the efficacy of montelukast in mild to moderate respiratory symptoms of patients with long COVID: E-SPERANZA COVID Project study protocol." 01/06/2022 - "To evaluate the efficacy of 10 mg oral montelukast every 24 h versus placebo in improving quality of life associated with mild to moderate respiratory symptoms in patients with long COVID as measured with the COPD Assessment Test (CAT) questionnaire. "
9.	palmidrolIBA 01/01/2022 - "Could Palmitoylethanolamide Be an Effective Treatment for Long-COVID-19? " 01/01/2022 - "The Use of Palmitoylethanolamide in the Treatment of Long COVID: A Real-Life Retrospective Cohort Study." 01/01/2022 - "In this study, we investigated whether treatment with palmitoylethanolamide and luteolin (PEA-LUT) leads to improvement in the quantitative or qualitative measures of olfactory dysfunction or relief from mental clouding in patients affected by long COVID. " 08/24/2023 - "What Is the Role of Palmitoylethanolamide Co-Ultramicronized with Luteolin on the Symptomatology Reported by Patients Suffering from Long COVID? " 01/01/2022 - "Effect of Ultra-Micronized Palmitoylethanolamide and Luteolin on Olfaction and Memory in Patients with Long COVID: Results of a Longitudinal Study."
10.	Monoclonal AntibodiesIBA 01/01/2024 - "The objective here was to report cases of complete, rapid remission of severe forms of long COVID following certain monoclonal antibody (MCA) infusions and review the corresponding pathophysiological implications. " 01/01/2023 - "Rational Use of Monoclonal Antibodies as Therapeutic Treatment in an Oncologic Patient with Long COVID." 01/01/2024 - "Remission of severe forms of long COVID following monoclonal antibody (MCA) infusions: A report of signal index cases and call for targeted research." 01/01/2023 - "Therefore, testing neutralizing monoclonal antibodies in vitro against SARS-CoV-2 mutants directly isolated from patients could provide useful information for the treatment of people affected by long COVID." 01/01/2023 - "Long COVID occurred despite early, effective monoclonal antibody therapy and was associated with smoking, female sex, and non-Hispanic ethnicity, but not viral burden. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Therapeutics 11/03/2023 - "With regard to the development of effective therapies, our primary aim is to investigate whether symptoms of Long COVID can be improved by a targeted modification of illness-related anxiety and dysfunctional symptom expectations. " 04/08/2023 - "This model represents a significant step in creating physiologically relevant disease models to further study the impact of long COVID and potentially identify mitigating therapeutics." 01/01/2023 - "Thus, from laboratory evidence and clinical trials in the literature, we sought to synthesize the pathophysiological pathways underlying neurological symptoms of long COVID and potential therapeutics." 01/01/2023 - "In this Review, we evaluate the impact of PPIE in the 'Therapies for Long COVID in non-hospitalised individuals' (TLC) Study, using a combination of group discussions and interviews with patient partners and researchers. " 08/01/2022 - "The current knowledge about pulmonary manifestations in long COVID patients is constantly being expanded, but due to limited availability of clinical trials, there are still no evidence-based guidelines for the diagnosis and therapy of pulmonary manifestations in long COVID syndrome. "
2.	Complementary Therapies (Alternative Medicine) 01/01/2023 - "Complementary and alternative medicine for long COVID: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials." 01/01/2023 - "Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) interventions are growing in popularity as possible treatments for long COVID symptoms. " 01/01/2023 - "The use of complementary and alternative medicine for the treatment of gastrointestinal symptoms in Long COVID: a systematic review." 01/01/2022 - "Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) interventions may play a significant role in the management of long COVID. " 01/01/2022 - "Complementary and Alternative Medicine for Long COVID: Scoping Review and Bibliometric Analysis."
3.	Hyperbaric Oxygenation 02/15/2022 - "In this article, we present the first case report of a previously healthy athletic individual who suffered from long COVID syndrome treated successfully with hyperbaric oxygen therapy. " 01/20/2023 - "Hyperbaric oxygen therapy for long COVID (HOT-LoCO), an interim safety report from a randomised controlled trial." 01/01/2023 - "Hyperbaric oxygen therapy for the treatment of long COVID." 12/01/2022 - "Hyperbaric oxygen therapy improves neurocognitive functions and symptoms of post-COVID condition: randomized controlled trial." 02/15/2022 - "We report the first case of successfully treated long COVID symptoms with hyperbaric oxygen therapy with improvements in cognition and cardiopulmonary function. "
4.	Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation 11/03/2023 - "Case Report of Improvement in Long-COVID Symptoms in an Air Force Medic Treated With Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Using Electro-Magnetic Brain Pulse Technique." 03/01/2023 - "The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of a pilot transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) treatment on neuropsychiatric symptoms caused by long-COVID. " 10/01/2023 - "The retraction has been issued because the content overlapped between this article and the following article published in Asian Journal of Psychiatry, "Real world research on transcranial magnetic stimulation treatment strategies for neuropsychiatric symptoms with long-COVID in Japan" by Yoshihiro Noda, Akiko Sato, Misaki Shichi, Ayano Sato, Kyoshiro Fujii, Mio Iwasa, Yasuhiro Nagano, Ryosuke Kitahata, Ryota Osawa. " 03/01/2023 - "Real world research on transcranial magnetic stimulation treatment strategies for neuropsychiatric symptoms with long-COVID in Japan." 06/25/2023 - "Our clinical experience suggests that transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) often aids recovery in Long-COVID and Post-Vaccine patients. "
5.	Exercise Therapy (Therapy, Exercise) 12/30/2022 - "Post-Acute Sequelae of COVID-19: The Potential Role of Exercise Therapy in Treating Patients and Athletes Returning to Play." 01/01/2023 - "Key terms that were used to identify potentially relevant studies included long-covid, post-covid, sequelae, exercise therapy, rehabilitation, physical activity, physical therapy, and randomized controlled trial. " 01/01/2021 - "We observed a growing number of patients with long COVID who experienced adverse effects from exercise therapy and symptoms strikingly similar to those of myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME). " 01/01/2023 - "Through this comparative study with control groups, we confirm and reinforce the interest of caring for long COVID patients without post-exertional symptom exacerbation by exercise rehabilitation of both strength and endurance training, by personalizing the program to the patient and symptoms." 01/01/2023 - "We aimed to investigate improvement in physical and autonomic performances of long COVID patients (n = 38) after a 4-week exercise rehabilitation program (3 sessions/week) compared to two control groups composed of coronary artery disease (n = 38) and fibromyalgia patients (n = 38), two populations for whom exercise benefits are well known. "