Chronic Kidney Diseases of Uncertain Etiology

Chronic kidney diseases not associated with traditional RISK FACTORS, e.g., TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS and HYPERTENSION, but rather with infectious diseases, exposure to environmental toxins, or other unknown factors. They are most prevalent in agricultural communities of DEVELOPING COUNTRIES.

Also Known As:

Mesoamerican Nephropathies; Nephropathy, Mesoamerican; Uncertain Etiology CKD; CINAC; CINAC Chronic Interstitial Nephritis in Agricultural Communities; CKD of Uncertain Etiology; CKDu Chronic Kidney Disease of Uncertain Etiology; CKDu Chronic Kidney Disease of Unknown Etiology; CKDu Chronic Kidney Diseases of Uncertain Etiology; Chronic Interstitial Nephritis of Agricultural Communities; Chronic Kidney Disease of Nontraditional Etiology; Chronic Kidney Disease of Uncertain Etiology; Chronic Kidney Disease of Unknown Etiology; Chronic Kidney Disease of Unknown or Uncertain Etiology; KDUCAL; Kidney Disease of Unknown Cause in Agricultural Laborers; Mesoamerican Nephropathy

Networked: 75 relevant articles (0 outcomes, 4 trials/studies)

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Chronic Renal Insufficiency
2.	Interstitial Nephritis (Tubulointerstitial Nephritis)
3.	Dehydration (Water Stress)
4.	Chronic Kidney Diseases of Uncertain Etiology
5.	Renal Insufficiency (Renal Failure)

Experts

1.	Jayasumana, Channa: 9 articles (12/2020 - 02/2014)
2.	Chandrajith, Rohana: 5 articles (01/2022 - 07/2011)
3.	Siribaddana, Sisira: 5 articles (12/2020 - 07/2014)
4.	Wesseling, Catharina: 5 articles (01/2017 - 01/2016)
5.	Jayasundara, Nishad: 4 articles (01/2022 - 11/2020)
6.	Gunatilake, Sarath: 4 articles (01/2017 - 02/2014)
7.	De Silva, P Mangala C S: 3 articles (01/2022 - 11/2020)
8.	Glaser, Jason: 3 articles (01/2022 - 01/2016)
9.	Herath, Chula: 3 articles (01/2022 - 01/2020)
10.	Johnson, Richard J: 3 articles (01/2022 - 01/2016)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Chronic Kidney Diseases of Uncertain Etiology:

1.	FluoridesIBA 05/01/2020 - "Chronic kidney disease of uncertain etiology (CKDu) is a common health issue among farming communities in the dry zone of Sri Lanka where groundwater fluoride is known to be higher than recommended levels. " 01/01/2020 - "High water hardness associated with high water fluoride and the geographical distribution of Chronic Kidney Disease of unknown etiology (CKDu) in Sri Lanka are well correlated. " 09/01/2018 - "Transcriptome analysis supports viral infection and fluoride toxicity as contributors to chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology (CKDu) in Sri Lanka." 01/01/2022 - "Significance of Mg-hardness and fluoride in drinking water on chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology in Monaragala, Sri Lanka." 05/16/2018 - "High fluoride levels in drinking water in relation to the prevalence of chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology (CKDu) in Sri Lanka were investigated using rats as an experimental model. "
2.	Drinking WaterIBA 01/01/2019 - "This study investigated the water quality of the groundwater that was collected from the chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology (CKDu) prevailing areas in the dry zone of Sri Lanka to assess its suitability for drinking purposes, and for the first time a Water Quality Index (WQI) with emphasis on proposing appropriate drinking water treatment method was developed. " 07/01/2023 - "Hydro-geochemistry of drinking water was characterized in chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology (CKDu) endemic areas in Girandurukotte (GK) and Dehiattakandiya (DH) and non-endemic areas in GK, DH, and Sewanagala (SW) in Sri Lanka to comprehend any potential risk factors for CKDu. " 11/01/2016 - "To prevent the CINAC, reverse osmosis (RO) plants are established to purify the water and reduce the exposure to possible nephrotoxins through drinking water. " 01/01/2022 - "Significance of Mg-hardness and fluoride in drinking water on chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology in Monaragala, Sri Lanka." 11/25/2020 - "Community-based reverse osmosis (RO) water treatment plants are employed as an interim solution for producing safe drinking water for the endemic areas of Chronic Kidney Disease of Unknown Etiology (CKDu) in the rural dry zone of Sri Lanka. "
3.	SolutionsIBA 11/25/2020 - "Community-based reverse osmosis (RO) water treatment plants are employed as an interim solution for producing safe drinking water for the endemic areas of Chronic Kidney Disease of Unknown Etiology (CKDu) in the rural dry zone of Sri Lanka. " 10/31/2019 - "Gravity filtration studies carried out using a 1.5 ppm fluoride solution, which is closer to the ground water fluoride concentrations of Chronic Kidney Disease of unknown etiology (CKDu) affected areas in Sri Lanka, resulted in a 1600 ml g-1 break through volume indicating the potential of HAP-MMT to be used in real applications."
4.	CationsIBA 11/01/2023 - "The objectives of this study were to determine selected Hofmeister anions and cations that are important for kidney health, in raw rice samples from selected Chronic Kidney Disease of unknown etiology (CKDu) endemic and non-endemic areas in Sri Lanka and their intake. " 01/01/2022 - "Paraquat treatment increased organic cation transporter-2 expression and decreased multidrug and toxin extrusion 1 expression in male kidneys; similar results were observed in the kidneys of Nicaraguan patients with Mesoamerican nephropathy. "
5.	MycotoxinsIBA 07/01/2011 - "This was a screening study that aimed to determine the presence of nephrotoxic mycotoxins in urine samples from patients with chronic kidney disease of uncertain etiology in the North Central Province of Sri Lanka. " 07/01/2011 - "Mycotoxin detection in urine samples from patients with chronic kidney disease of uncertain etiology in Sri Lanka."
6.	AnionsIBA 11/01/2023 - "The objectives of this study were to determine selected Hofmeister anions and cations that are important for kidney health, in raw rice samples from selected Chronic Kidney Disease of unknown etiology (CKDu) endemic and non-endemic areas in Sri Lanka and their intake. "
7.	2-methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl (MMT)IBA 10/31/2019 - "Gravity filtration studies carried out using a 1.5 ppm fluoride solution, which is closer to the ground water fluoride concentrations of Chronic Kidney Disease of unknown etiology (CKDu) affected areas in Sri Lanka, resulted in a 1600 ml g-1 break through volume indicating the potential of HAP-MMT to be used in real applications."
8.	Biomarkers (Surrogate Marker)IBA 01/01/2021 - "Biomarkers of kidney injury among children in a high-risk region for chronic kidney disease of uncertain etiology." 12/18/2020 - "The Utility of Novel Renal Biomarkers in Assessment of Chronic Kidney Disease of Unknown Etiology (CKDu): A Review." 10/01/2019 - "Pilot Study of Renal Urinary Biomarkers for Diagnosis of CKD of Uncertain Etiology." 01/19/2017 - "Potential diagnostic biomarkers for chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology (CKDu) in Sri Lanka: a pilot study." 02/01/2016 - "Mesoamerican Nephropathy: Do Novel Biomarkers of Kidney Damage Have a Role to Play?"
9.	Glyphosate (Roundup)IBA 08/15/2021 - "The combination of glyphosate and hard water has been postulated to play a potent aetiological role in CINAC. " 01/01/2021 - "The combined effects of glyphosate and hard water on chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology (CDKu) have attracted much interest, but the mechanisms remain unknown. " 02/20/2014 - "Glyphosate, hard water and nephrotoxic metals: are they the culprits behind the epidemic of chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology in Sri Lanka?" 04/15/2023 - "The combination of glyphosate (Gly) and hard water (Hwt) is a suspected risk factor for chronic interstitial nephritis in agricultural communities (CINAC). " 08/01/2022 - "Chronic interstitial nephritis in agricultural communities (CINAC) is a severe and widespread disease that has been associated with environmental and occupational exposure to glyphosate and hard water. "
10.	Agrochemicals (Agricultural Chemicals)IBA 05/26/2017 - "Involvement of agrochemicals have been suggested in the development of chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology (CKDu). " 01/01/2017 - "CINAC patients live and work in poor agricultural communities located in CINAC endemic areas with a hot tropical climate, and are exposed to toxic agrochemicals through work, by ingestion of contaminated food and water, or by inhalation. " 01/01/2014 - "Chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology should be renamed chronic agrochemical nephropathy." 01/01/2022 - "Adjusted for age/sex and other covariates, 1 year of agrochemical exposure was associated with Mesoamerican nephropathy kidney failure (odds ratio, 1.23; 95% confidence interval, 1.04 to 1.44; P=0.02). " 01/01/2017 - "The heat stress and dehydration hypothesis, however, cannot explain: why the incidence of CINAC went up along with increasing mechanization of paddy farming in the 1990s; the non-existence of CINAC in hotter northern Sri Lanka, Cuba and Myanmar where agrochemicals are sparsely used; the mosaic geographical pattern in CINAC endemic areas; the presence of CINAC among women, children and adolescents who are not exposed to the harsh working conditions; and the observed extra renal manifestations of CINAC. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Canes (Cane) 01/01/2021 - "Nicaraguan sugarcane workers, particularly cane cutters, have an elevated prevalence of chronic kidney disease of unknown origin, also referred to as Mesoamerican nephropathy (MeN). " 10/01/2015 - "An outbreak of unexplained and severe kidney disease, "Mesoamerican Nephropathy," in mostly young, male sugar cane workers emerged in Central America in the late 1990's. "
2.	Cell- and Tissue-Based Therapy (Cell Therapy) 01/01/2023 - "Safety of Stromal Vascular Fraction Cell Therapy for Chronic Kidney Disease of Unknown Cause (Mesoamerican Nephropathy)."
3.	Kidney Transplantation 01/01/2017 - "A 28-year-old man underwent living-related kidney transplantation for chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology. "
4.	Therapeutics 09/06/2023 - "We propose potential pathways and mechanisms for kidney injury in patients with CINAC, which may offer clues for potential therapies."
5.	Peritoneal Dialysis 01/01/2017 - "Tackling the Fallout From Chronic Kidney Disease of Unknown Etiology: Why We Need to Focus on Providing Peritoneal Dialysis in Rural, Low-Resource Settings."