Multifocal Choroiditis

A multifocal uveitis syndrome involving the RETINAL PIGMENT EPITHELIUM and capillary layer of the CHOROID. It is characterized by chronic UVEITIS and multiple CHOROID lesions referred to as white dots, blurry vision, floaters, sensitivity to light, blind spots, and eye discomfort.

Also Known As:

Networked: 109 relevant articles (6 outcomes, 7 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Panuveitis
2.	Choroidal Neovascularization
3.	White Dot Syndromes
4.	Sarcoidosis (Schaumann Disease)
5.	Uveitis

Experts

1.	Freund, K Bailey: 11 articles (03/2022 - 10/2002)
2.	Yannuzzi, Lawrence A: 9 articles (03/2022 - 10/2002)
3.	Bandello, Francesco: 4 articles (11/2017 - 08/2004)
4.	Neri, Piergiorgio: 3 articles (01/2022 - 04/2014)
5.	Iacono, Pierluigi: 3 articles (05/2013 - 01/2006)
6.	Parodi, Maurizio Battaglia: 3 articles (09/2010 - 08/2004)
7.	Spaide, Richard F: 3 articles (11/2008 - 10/2002)
8.	Gattoussi, Sarra: 2 articles (03/2022 - 11/2019)
9.	Herbort, Carl P: 2 articles (01/2022 - 06/2012)
10.	Cunningham, Emmett T: 2 articles (11/2021 - 07/2014)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Multifocal Choroiditis:

1.	1-phenyl-3,3-dimethyltriazene (PDT)IBA 01/01/2005 - "The following case report shows the results of treating the CNV secondary to multifocal choroiditis with PDT. " 01/01/2006 - "PDT in subfoveal or juxtafoveal classic CNV secondary to multifocal choroiditis and panuveitis stabilized or improved VA in the majority of patients over a longer follow-up period. " 05/01/2008 - "Two patients with multifocal choroiditis and panuveitis (MCP) experienced vision losses of five and 11 lines after four PDT sessions despite receiving additional steroidal treatment. " 05/01/2018 - "Unlicensed intravitreal bevacizumab was associated with a statistically significant improvement in BCVA compared to PDT at 12 months (p < 0.001) in patients with CNV secondary to multifocal choroiditis (n = 27). " 10/01/2008 - "To report the use of intravitreal bevacizumab (avastin) followed by photodynamic therapy (PDT) in a case of choroidal neovascular membrane (CNVM) due to multifocal choroiditis. "
2.	Adrenal Cortex Hormones (Corticosteroids)IBA 09/01/2021 - "One patient developed reactivation of previously controlled multifocal choroiditis within one week of receiving RZV, requiring treatment with systemic corticosteroids. " 12/01/2020 - "To evaluate the efficacy of corticosteroid-sparing immunomodulatory therapy (IMT) in patients with recurrent and/or sight-threatening central multifocal choroiditis (MFC). " 12/01/2020 - "The efficacy of corticosteroid-sparing immunomodulatory therapy in treating patients with central multifocal choroiditis." 03/03/2023 - "Corticosteroids Decrease the Incidence and Activity of Choroidal Neovascularization in Patients with Punctuate Inner Choroidopathy or Multifocal Choroiditis." 01/01/2020 - "Initially managed as a multifocal choroiditis, the use of oral and peribulbar corticoids worsened the serous retinal detachment. "
3.	Bevacizumab (Avastin)FDA Link 10/01/2008 - "Intravitreal bevacizumab may be tried in cases of CNVM due to multifocal choroiditis. " 10/01/2008 - "Photodynamic therapy following intravitreal bevacizumab in multifocal choroiditis." 05/01/2013 - "Intravitreal bevacizumab is a beneficial treatment for juxtafoveal choroidal neovascularization associated with multifocal choroiditis. " 05/01/2013 - "Intravitreal bevacizumab for juxtafoveal choroidal neovascularization secondary to multifocal choroiditis." 05/01/2013 - "To assess the effects of intravitreal bevacizumab injections in the treatment of juxtafoveal choroidal neovascularization associated with multifocal choroiditis. "
4.	Adalimumab (Humira)FDA Link 12/01/2020 - "The efficacy of adalimumab in treating patients with central multifocal choroiditis." 09/01/2022 - "In this study, we report a case of multifocal choroiditis that was successfully treated with adalimumab monotherapy. " 09/01/2022 - "Adalimumab Monotherapy in the Treatment of Idiopathic Multifocal Choroiditis: A Case Report." 04/01/2021 - "Sarcoid-Associated Bilateral Multifocal Choroiditis Secondary to Adalimumab." 09/01/2022 - "We conclude from this study that long-term adalimumab monotherapy can be employed effectively and safely in the re-treatment of patients with multifocal choroiditis resistant to other immunomodulatory therapy even after successful tapering and discontinuation of concurrent therapies."
5.	Immunomodulating AgentsIBA 12/01/2020 - "To evaluate the efficacy of adalimumab in patients with central multifocal choroiditis (cMFC) refractory to conventional corticosteroid-sparing immunomodulatory agents (IMT). "
6.	Indocyanine Green (Cardio-Green)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2001 - "The aim of this study is to retrospectively evaluate the indocyanine green (ICG) angiographic features in 13 patients affected by multifocal choroiditis. " 11/01/1997 - "The purpose of the study is to determine indocyanine green (ICG) angiographic characteristics of patients with multifocal choroiditis (MC) and to identify features that may assist in the differentiation of MC from other ocular inflammatory diseases. " 01/01/2001 - "Multifocal choroiditis: indocyanine green angiographic features." 11/01/1997 - "Indocyanine green angiography of multifocal choroiditis." 04/01/2017 - "The ophthalmologic examination revealed a bilateral anterior uveitis with cells in the anterior chamber and granulomatous keratic precipitates, vitreous cells and multifocal choroiditis confirmed by indocyanine green angiography. "
7.	Verteporfin (Visudyne)FDA Link 01/01/2005 - "[Photodynamic therapy with verteporfin in treating the choroidal neovascularisation secondary to multifocal choroiditis]." 08/01/2004 - "Evaluation of visual acuity outcomes of photodynamic therapy with verteporfin for subfoveal choroidal neovascularization (CNV) secondary to multifocal choroiditis. " 08/01/2004 - "Photodynamic therapy with verteporfin for subfoveal choroidal neovascularization associated with multifocal choroiditis." 01/01/2006 - "Evaluation of visual acuity outcome of photodynamic therapy (PDT) with verteporfin for juxtafoveal choroidal neovascularization (CNV) secondary to multifocal choroiditis (MC). " 01/01/2006 - "To evaluate the visual benefit of photodynamic therapy (PDT) with verteporfin in patients with choroidal neovascularization (CNV) secondary to multifocal choroiditis and panuveitis over a longer follow-up period. "
8.	Methotrexate (Mexate)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2023 - "Rapid regression of idiopathic multifocal choroiditis with intravitreal methotrexate-wide-field optical coherence tomography angiography-based study." 01/01/2023 - "Wide-field optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) results in a patient of idiopathic multifocal choroiditis successfully treated with intravitreal methotrexate injections." 02/01/2013 - "Intravitreal methotrexate for the treatment of choroidal neovascularization in multifocal choroiditis."
9.	methyl 2- O- alpha- rhamnopyranosyl- beta- galactopyranosideIBA 01/01/2001 - "To study and compare the findings on multifocal electroretinography (MERG) between multifocal choroiditis (MFC) and the multiple evanescent white dot syndrome (MEWDS). "
10.	Retinaldehyde (Retinal)IBA 11/01/2021 - "To describe three patients with idiopathic multifocal choroiditis (MFC) who showed foci of foveal outer retinal hyperreflectivity on optical coherence tomography. " 11/01/2021 - "FOVEAL OUTER RETINAL HYPERREFLECTIVITY: A NOVEL OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY FINDING IN IDIOPATHIC MULTIFOCAL CHOROIDITIS." 11/01/2019 - "To describe the prevalence and anatomic correlates for hyperautofluorescence related to outer retinal disruption in eyes with multifocal choroiditis (MFC). " 11/01/2019 - "The Nature and Frequency of Outer Retinal Disruption in Idiopathic Multifocal Choroiditis Associated With Persistent Fundus Hyperautofluorescence." 03/28/2023 - "The patient was noted at presentation to have intraocular inflammation, outer retinal attenuation, multifocal choroiditis-like lesions, and intraretinal fluid (in the absence of obvious clinical or angiographic signs of exudative CNVM). "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Immunomodulation 02/01/2002 - "To report our analysis of the efficacy of immunomodulatory therapy on the course of 19 patients with multifocal choroiditis and panuveitis (MCP). " 01/28/2013 - "The patient was diagnosed with ocular sarcoidosis and started on immunomodulatory therapy for sarcoid-related multifocal choroiditis. " 02/01/2002 - "Multifocal choroiditis and panuveitis: immunomodulatory therapy." 01/01/2018 - "Blau uveitis is characterized by progressive panuveitis with multifocal choroiditis, resulting in severe ocular morbidity despite continuous systemic and local immunomodulatory therapy. " 02/01/2002 - "Immunomodulatory therapy controls inflammation and preserves vision in patients with multifocal choroiditis and panuveitis."
2.	Therapeutics 12/01/2004 - "Multifocal choroiditis: ocular TB or side-effects of anti-TB therapy?" 04/01/2014 - "To report a case of overlapping choriocapillaritis that initially presented as multifocal choroiditis (MFC) but later showed features compatible with acute zonal occult outer retinopathy (AZOOR) resistant to standard immunosuppression that responded only to adalimumad therapy. " 12/01/2006 - "To estimate the incidences of ocular complications and vision loss in patients with multifocal choroiditis with panuveitis (MFCPU) and to describe the association between therapy and the incidences thereof. " 11/01/2022 - "Adaptive optics imaging and microperimetry may detect biomarkers that help to characterize the nature and activity of multifocal choroiditis lesions and to help monitor response to therapy. " 01/10/2022 - "Idiopathic multifocal choroiditis (MFC): aggressive and prolonged therapy with multiple immunosuppressive agents is needed to halt the progression of active disease. "
3.	Photochemotherapy (Photodynamic Therapy) 08/01/2004 - "Photodynamic therapy may be considered a viable therapeutic option for subfoveal CNV associated with multifocal choroiditis at least for a 1-year period. " 01/01/2006 - "Photodynamic therapy for juxtafoveal choroidal neovascularization associated with multifocal choroiditis." 01/01/2002 - "Successful photodynamic therapy combined with laser photocoagulation in three eyes with classic subfoveal choroidal neovascularisation affecting two patients with multifocal choroiditis: case reports." 01/01/2006 - "Photodynamic therapy for choroidal neovascularization in patients with multifocal choroiditis and panuveitis." 10/01/2002 - "Treatment of subfoveal choroidal neovascularization associated with multifocal choroiditis and panuveitis with photodynamic therapy."
4.	Injections 01/01/2023 - "Wide-field optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) results in a patient of idiopathic multifocal choroiditis successfully treated with intravitreal methotrexate injections." 05/01/2013 - "To assess the effects of intravitreal bevacizumab injections in the treatment of juxtafoveal choroidal neovascularization associated with multifocal choroiditis. " 10/01/2009 - "Three patients with two separated foci of CNV secondary to age-related macular degeneration (ARMD), pathologic myopia and multifocal choroiditis were treated with monthly injections of ranibizumab por a period of 3 months. "
5.	Vitrectomy 09/01/2019 - "To describe the long-term outcome of a patient with multifocal choroiditis, who underwent surgical removal of a type 2 choroidal neovascular membrane employing 23 G pars plana vitrectomy. " 01/01/1998 - "A retrospective study was carried out of 31 consecutive patients undergoing vitrectomy, parafoveal retinotomy and removal of subfoveal choroidal neovascular membranes that were either idiopathic or associated with multifocal choroiditis, high myopia, trauma or angioid streaks. "