Health effects of the New Nordic Renal Diet in patients with stage 3 and 4 chronic kidney disease, compared with habitual diet: a randomized trial.

Abstract

BACKGROUND:

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) leads to an accumulation of waste products and causes adverse cardiometabolic effects.

OBJECTIVES:

We investigated the health effects of the New Nordic Renal Diet (NNRD), a novel meal pattern reduced in phosphorus, protein, and sodium.

METHODS:

A 26-wk randomized trial compared the NNRD with a habitual diet. The NNRD group received weekly home deliveries of food and recipes. Monthly study visits included fasting blood samples, 24-h urine samples, blood pressure, and anthropometric measurements. Intention-to-treat analysis used linear mixed-effects models.

RESULTS:

Sixty patients, mean estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) 34 mL/min/1.73 m2 and body mass index of 25-27 kg/m2, were included and 58 completed. Metabolic syndrome was present in 53% (NNRD group) and 57% (control group). The NNRD group (n = 30) reduced their 24-h urine phosphorus excretion by 19% (-153 mg; 95% confidence interval [CI]: -210, -95), control group (n = 30) (no change), between-group difference -171 mg (95% CI: -233, -109; P < 0.001). Proteinuria was reduced by 39% in the NNRD group (-0.33 g/d; 95% CI: -0.47, -0.18), control group (no change), between-group difference -0.34 g/d (95% CI: -0.52, -0.17; P < 0.001). Plasma urea was reduced by -1.5 mmol/L in the NNRD group (95% CI: -2.1, -0.9), control group (no change), between-group difference -1.4 mmol/L (95% CI: -2.0, -0.7; P < 0.001). Systolic blood pressure fell by -5.2 mmHg in the NNRD group (95% CI: -8.4, -2.1), control group (no change), between-group difference -3.9 mmHg (95% CI; -7.6, -0.2; P = 0.04). The NNRD group lost -1.7 kg (95% CI: -2.6, -0.8), control group (no change), between-group difference -2.0 kg (95% CI: -3.0, -1.0; P < 0.001). There were no effects on eGFR during the 26-wk intervention.

CONCLUSION:

NNRD in moderate CKD reduces phosphorus excretion, proteinuria, systolic blood pressure, and weight, mainly by reducing abdominal fat. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT04579315.

• Authors: Nikita Misella Hansen, Anne-Lise Kamper, Marianne Rix, Bo Feldt-Rasmussen, Jens Leipziger, Mads Vaarby Sørensen, Peder Berg, Arne Astrup, Louise Salomo
• Journal: The American journal of clinical nutrition (Am J Clin Nutr) Vol. 118 Issue 5 Pg. 1042-1054 (11 2023) ISSN: 1938-3207 [Electronic] United States
• PMID: 37598748 (Publication Type: Randomized Controlled Trial, Journal Article, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't)
• Copyright: Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Chemical References

• Sodium
• Phosphorus

Topics

• Humans
• Diet
• Renal Insufficiency, Chronic
• Sodium (urine)
• Phosphorus
• Proteinuria