Background/Objectives:
Paraphenylenediamine (
PPD) is an aromatic
amine dye that may cause
allergic contact dermatitis. This study examines the epidemiology of allergic patch test reactions to
PPD. Methods: This retrospective analysis characterizes individuals tested to
PPD (1%
petrolatum) by the North American
Contact Dermatitis Group (1994-2018). Demographics and
dermatitis site(s) were compared between
PPD-allergic and
PPD-negative patients.
PPD reactions were analyzed by reaction strength, clinical relevance, occupational relatedness, and source as well as coreactivity with structurally related compounds. Results: Of 54,917 patients tested to
PPD, 3095 (5.6%) had an allergic patch test reaction. Compared with
PPD-negative patients,
PPD-allergic patients had significantly greater odds of age >40 years (odds ratio [OR] 1.55 [95% confidence interval; CI 1.43-1.69]) and female gender (OR 1.52 [95% CI 1.41-1.66]), but lower odds of being White (OR 0.66 [95% CI 0.60-0.71]). The most common primary anatomic sites of
dermatitis were face (25.5%), hands (21.9%), and scattered/generalized pattern (15.5%). Over half (55.3%) of
PPD reactions were ++ or +++ at the final reading and 60.9% were currently relevant. Common exposure sources included
hair dye (73.5%) and clothing/shoes/apparel (3.9%). Occupationally related reactions occurred in 8.3%, most commonly in hairdressers/cosmetologists (72.8%). The most common coreactions were
benzocaine (11.3%),
N-isopropyl-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6.7%), disperse
dye mix (6.5%), and
black rubber mix (5.1%). Conclusions: The 24-year percentage of
allergic reactions to
PPD was 5.6%.
PPD allergy was associated with female gender and age >40 years.
PPD allergic patients were less likely to be White.
Allergic reactions were usually clinically relevant and
hair dye was the most frequently identified source.