Unique immune and inflammatory cytokine profiles may define long COVID syndrome.

Abstract

PURPOSE:

Long COVID is estimated to occur in 5-10% of individuals after acute SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, the pathophysiology driving the disease process is poorly understood.

METHODS:

We evaluated urine and plasma inflammatory and immune cytokine profiles in 33 individuals with long COVID compared to 33 who were asymptomatic and recovered, and 34 without prior infection.

RESULTS:

Mean urinary leukotriene E4 was significantly elevated among individuals with long COVID compared to asymptomatic and recovered individuals (mean difference 774.2 pg/mL; SD 335.7) and individuals without prior SARS-CoV-2 infection (mean difference 503.1 pg/ml; SD 467.7). Plasma chemokine ligand 6 levels were elevated among individuals with long COVID compared to individuals with no prior SARS-CoV-2 infection (mean difference 0.59 units; SD 0.42). We found no significant difference in angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 antibody levels. Plasma tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 2 (TRAF2) levels were reduced among individuals with long COVID compared to individuals who were asymptomatic and recovered (mean difference = 0.6 units, SD 0.46). Similarly, the mean level of Sarcoma Homology 2-B adapter protein 3 was 3.3 units (SD 1.24) among individuals with long COVID, lower than 4.2 units (SD 1.1) among individuals with recovered, asymptomatic COVID.

CONCLUSION:

Our findings suggest that further studies should be conducted to evaluate the role of leukotriene E4 as a potential biomarker for a diagnostic test. Furthermore, based on reductions in TRAF2, long COVID may be driven in part by impaired TRAF2-dependent immune-mediated inflammation and potentially immune exhaustion.

• Authors: Lao-Tzu Allan-Blitz, Omid Akbari, Noah Kojima, Edwyn Saavedra, Prithivi Chellamuthu, Nicholas Denny, Melanie A MacMullan, Victoria Hess, Maria Shacreaw, Matthew Brobeck, Frederick Turner, Vladimir I Slepnev, Albina Ibrayeva, Jeffrey D Klausner
• Journal: Clinical and experimental medicine (Clin Exp Med) Vol. 23 Issue 6 Pg. 2925-2930 (Oct 2023) ISSN: 1591-9528 [Electronic] Italy
• PMID: 37061998 (Publication Type: Letter)
• Copyright: © 2023. The Author(s).

Chemical References

• Leukotriene E4
• TNF Receptor-Associated Factor 2
• Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases
• Cytokines

Topics

• Humans
• Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome
• COVID-19
• Leukotriene E4
• TNF Receptor-Associated Factor 2
• SARS-CoV-2
• Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases
• Cytokines