Castration immunoregulates toll-like receptor-4 in male bladder cancer.

Abstract

PURPOSE:

Among diverse Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs), Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR-4) is a key urothelial trigger for innate immune response impacting urothelial bladder carcinoma (BC). Androgen activation promotes immunotolerance, playing an immunoregulatory role by unknown mechanisms. We explored the castration impact on urothelial TLR-4 modulation in carcinogenesis and immunotherapeutic scenario.

METHODS:

Intact (SHAM) versus castrated male Fisher-344 rats were evaluated in 2 scenarios: (A) Carcinogenesis: After randomization to SHAM (n = 5) and Castration (n = 5), carcinogenesis was induced by four intravesical doses of 1.5 mg/kg n-methyl-n-nitrosourea (MNU) every 15 days. (B) Treatment: After ultrasonographic confirmed MNU-induced papillary BC on week 8, rats were randomized to SHAM (n = 5) and Castration (n = 5) and offered 6 weekly intravesical treatment of 106 CFU of bacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG) in 0.2 ml saline. After 15 weeks the urinary bladders underwent histopathology. Urothelial cell proliferation was measured by Ki-67 immunohistochemistry (IHC), and TLR-4 expression was quantified by IHC and WB.

RESULTS:

Castration induced higher TLR-4 urothelial expression (p = 0.007) and anticarcinogenic effect with fewer urothelial tumors (60 vs. 80%) and lower urothelial cell proliferation compared to intact animals (p = 0.008). In the intravesical BCG treatment setting, castration has potentialized the BCG activation of TLR-4 (p = 0.007) with no residual in situ carcinoma compared to intact animals, suggesting the potential to amplify the BCG immune response.

CONCLUSION:

To our knowledge, this is the first description of TLR-4 urothelial expression hormonal modulation. The described castration-mediated immunomodulation will help to improve the knowledge of urothelial cancer gender diversities and PRRs modulations with treatment implications.

• Authors: Leonardo Oliveira Reis, Ana Clara Ciglioni Salustiano, Diego Moreira Capibaribe, Isis Gallani Avansini Kiehl, Fernandes Denardi
• Journal: International urology and nephrology (Int Urol Nephrol) Vol. 54 Issue 11 Pg. 2845-2853 (Nov 2022) ISSN: 1573-2584 [Electronic] Netherlands
• PMID: 35939229 (Publication Type: Journal Article, Randomized Controlled Trial, Veterinary)
• Copyright: © 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V.

Chemical References

• Adjuvants, Immunologic
• Androgens
• Anticarcinogenic Agents
• BCG Vaccine
• Ki-67 Antigen
• Toll-Like Receptor 4
• Methylnitrosourea

Topics

• Adjuvants, Immunologic
• Administration, Intravesical
• Androgens
• Animals
• Anticarcinogenic Agents
• BCG Vaccine (therapeutic use)
• Carcinogenesis (chemically induced)
• Carcinoma, Transitional Cell (pathology)
• Castration
• Ki-67 Antigen
• Male
• Methylnitrosourea (toxicity)
• Rats
• Toll-Like Receptor 4
• Urinary Bladder Neoplasms (pathology)