The PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway has been well known to interact with the
estrogen receptor (ER)-pathway and to be also frequently upregulated in
aromatase inhibitor (AI)-resistant
breast cancer patients. Intracellular levels of free
amino acids, especially
leucine, regulate the
mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (
mTORC1) activation. L-type
amino acid transporters such as LAT1 and LAT3 are associated with the uptake of
essential amino acids. LAT1 expression could mediate
leucine uptake,
mTORC1 signaling, and cell proliferation. Therefore, in this study, we explored
amino acid metabolism, including LAT1, in
breast cancer and clarified the potential roles of LAT1 in the development of therapeutic resistance and the eventual clinical outcome of the patients. We evaluated LAT1 and LAT3 expression before and after neoadjuvant
hormone therapy (NAH) and examined LAT1 function and expression in
estrogen deprivation-resistant (EDR)
breast carcinoma cell lines.
Tumors tended to be in advanced stages in the cases whose LAT1 expression was high. LAT1 expression in the EDR cell lines was upregulated.
JPH203, a selective LAT1 inhibitor, demonstrated inhibitory effects on cell proliferation in EDR cells.
Hormone therapy changed the tumor microenvironment and resulted in metabolic reprogramming through inducing LAT1 expression. LAT1 expression then mediated
leucine uptake, enhanced
mTORC1 signaling, and eventually resulted in AI resistance. Therefore, LAT1 could be the potential therapeutic target in AI-resistant
breast cancer patients.