We examined the effects of Wolbachia bacteria on the reproduction of the flour beetle Tribolium confusum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) using different
antibiotics and across generations. We first removed
infections by rearing insects on a diet with
tetracycline (T; 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 5.0, 10.0 mg/g) or
rifampicin (R; 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.5, 1.0 mg/g). We then performed experimental crosses using adults two generations (G2) and four generations (G4) removed from
antibiotic treatments. Results showed that use of
rifampicin more readily cured
infections. Egg hatch from crosses of uninfected females and infected males was 0, but averaged 84 to 91% for eggs from all other crosses. Elevated fecundity was observed for T-G2 females, but not for T-G4, R-G2, or R-G4 females. Cross type had little or no effect on the sex of F 1 offspring, which averaged 52% female. These collective results support previous findings that show that Wolbachia in T. confusum causes 100% cytoplasmic incompatibility and emphasize that the
antibiotic treatment used to remove
infections may have additional consequences (e.g., elevated fecundity) that may not be apparent in subsequent generations.