Hippocampal Sclerosis

Neuronal loss in the hippocampal regions of CA1 and CA4 and less severely CA2 and CA3. Additional loss of hippocampal stratum radiatum, hippocampal atrophy and ASTROGLIOSIS are common. Hippocampal sclerosis is associated with intractable TEMPORAL LOBE EPILEPSY.

Also Known As:

Aging Hippocampal Scleroses; Aging Hippocampal Sclerosis; Ammon Horn Scleroses; CA1 Hippocampal Scleroses; CA4 Hippocampal Scleroses; Endfolium Scleroses; Hippocampal Scleroses; Hippocampal Sclerosis, CA1; Hippocampal Sclerosis, CA4; Horn Sclerosis, Ammon; Scleroses, Mesial Temporal; Sclerosis, Ammon Horn; Sclerosis, CA1 Hippocampal; Sclerosis, CA4 Hippocampal; Sclerosis, Endfolium; Sclerosis, Hippocampal; Sclerosis, Mesial Temporal; Ammon Horn Sclerosis; CA1 Hippocampal Sclerosis; CA4 Hippocampal Sclerosis; Endfolium Sclerosis; Hippocampal Sclerosis of Aging; Mesial Temporal Sclerosis

Networked: 629 relevant articles (13 outcomes, 83 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Temporal Lobe Epilepsy
2.	Malformations of Cortical Development
3.	Status Epilepticus (Complex Partial Status Epilepticus)
4.	Neoplasms (Cancer)
5.	Brain Neoplasms (Brain Tumor)

Experts

1.	Schneider, Julie A: 25 articles (06/2022 - 01/2012)
2.	Bennett, David A: 24 articles (06/2022 - 11/2013)
3.	Yu, Lei: 16 articles (01/2022 - 11/2013)
4.	Boyle, Patricia A: 14 articles (01/2022 - 11/2013)
5.	Wilson, Robert S: 12 articles (10/2021 - 11/2013)
6.	Nelson, Peter T: 11 articles (01/2021 - 05/2011)
7.	Dickson, Dennis W: 11 articles (01/2020 - 01/2004)
8.	Walz, Roger: 10 articles (01/2021 - 10/2004)
9.	Thom, M: 10 articles (01/2012 - 01/2001)
10.	Tripathi, Manjari: 9 articles (07/2022 - 03/2014)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Hippocampal Sclerosis:

1.	Kainic Acid (Kainate)IBA 08/08/1994 - "In the present study, we investigated the effects of GABAergic action on kainic acid (KA)-induced hippocampal seizure in rats with or without hippocampal sclerosis (HS). " 09/07/2023 - "To this end, we used the intrahippocampal kainate mouse model, which recapitulates the key features of MTLE, including spontaneous seizure activity and hippocampal sclerosis. " 01/01/2023 - "Using the intrahippocampal kainate (KA) mouse model for MTLE, which recapitulates main features of human MTLE such as unilateral hippocampal sclerosis and granule cell dispersion, we identified cell loss in the subiculum and quantified changes in specific IN subpopulations along its dorso-ventral axis. " 10/01/2016 - "To understand how these two contradictory aspects of GABAergic neurotransmission coexist in MTLE, we used an established mouse model of MTLE presenting hippocampal sclerosis and recurrent hippocampal paroxysmal discharges (HPDs) 30-40days after a unilateral injection of kainate in the dorsal hippocampus. " 01/01/2000 - "These results show that, in addition to morphological, clinical and metabolical similarities, intrahippocampal injection of kainate results in a persistent increase of GluR2 associated with granule cell dispersion, as in human hippocampal sclerosis. "
2.	Clobazam (HR 376)IBA 02/01/2005 - "The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of clobazam as add-on therapy in adults with temporal lobe epilepsy associated with MRI evidence of hippocampal sclerosis (HS). " 02/01/2005 - "Clobazam as add-on therapy for temporal lobe epilepsy and hippocampal sclerosis."
3.	theasinensin AIBA 06/01/2009 - "Moreover, right-sided TSA for hippocampal sclerosis can lead to significant improvement in memory function, with memory improvement observed 1 month after right-sided TSA and persisting 1 year after surgery." 06/01/2009 - "Results of the present study indicated that left-sided TSA for hippocampal sclerosis tends to improve verbal memory function with the preservation of other types of memory function. " 06/01/2009 - "The present study was performed to determine the effects of selective surgery on memory outcome in patients with intractable mesial temporal lobe epilepsy due to hippocampal sclerosis treated using transsylvian selective amygdalohippocampectomy (TSA). "
4.	N,N'- bis((2- chloroethyl)nitrosocarbamoyl)cystamine (CNCC)IBA 10/01/2015 - "In patients with single cNCC lesions, the lesion matched the side in which hippocampal sclerosis was observed in 43 (74.1%) patients, a proportion significantly greater than that expected to occur by chance (p=0.008). " 10/01/2015 - "A test of proportions was used to analyze if the proportion of patients with a single cNCC lesion matching the same brain hemisphere or region of hippocampal sclerosis was significantly greater than 50%, as expected by the chance. " 12/01/2014 - "Single cNCC lesions were observed to occur significantly more often on the same side as hippocampal sclerosis, a finding suggesting an anatomical relationship between NCC and MTLE-HS. " 10/01/2015 - "Neurocysticercosis within temporal lobes was particularly related with ipsilateral hippocampal sclerosis in MTLE-HS, a finding adding new contributions for understanding MTLE-HS plus cNCC or perhaps to other forms of dual pathology in MTLE-HS." 10/01/2015 - "To test if chronic calcificed neurocysticercosis (cNCC) and hippocampal sclerosis occur more often than by chance ipsilateral to the same brain hemisphere or brain region in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy associated with hippocampal sclerosis (MTLE-HS) plus neurocysticercosis. "
5.	NestinIBA 04/01/2015 - "Larger reactive somas (p < 0.01) were found in epileptic's sections but a significant reduction in the total number of nestin-IR cells per field and in the MGV was found in granular cells layers of patients with hippocampal sclerosis (p < 0.01). " 04/01/2015 - "Reduced expression of nestin-IR in granular cells layers of epileptic's dentate gyrus may reflect changes in dentate gyrus neuroplasticity associated to chronic temporal epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis. " 04/01/2015 - "Hippocampal sections of 16 patients with hippocampal sclerosis and drug-resistant temporal lobe epilepsy were processed using immunoperoxidase with antibody to nestin. " 04/01/2015 - "Dentate gyrus expression of nestin-immunoreactivity in patients with drug-resistant temporal lobe epilepsy and hippocampal sclerosis." 12/01/2011 - "Nestin expression in tissue surrounding glioblastoma cases was compared to tissue surrounding vascular lesions, metastasis and hippocampal sclerosis. "
6.	Theophylline (Theon)FDA LinkGeneric 11/01/2000 - "Effect of theophylline and trimethobenzamide when given during kainate-induced status epilepticus: an improved histopathologic rat model of human hippocampal sclerosis."
7.	trimethobenzamide (Ticon)FDA LinkGeneric 11/01/2000 - "Effect of theophylline and trimethobenzamide when given during kainate-induced status epilepticus: an improved histopathologic rat model of human hippocampal sclerosis."
8.	Proteins (Proteins, Gene)FDA Link 01/01/2017 - "CSF protein changes associated with hippocampal sclerosis risk gene variants highlight impact of GRN/PGRN." 08/30/2012 - "Here, we performed protein expression profiling of 40 inflammatory mediators in surgical resection material from mTLE patients with and without hippocampal sclerosis, and autopsy controls using a multiplex bead-based immunoassay. " 09/01/2011 - "Using immunocytochemistry and Western blot analysis, we investigated ADK protein expression in a rat model of TLE during epileptogenesis and the chronic epileptic phase and compared those findings with tissue resected from TLE patients with mesial temporal sclerosis (MTS). " 05/01/2004 - "In TLE cases with hippocampal sclerosis (HS), all four MDR proteins examined that had low or no expression in control tissue were upregulated, albeit with different cellular distribution patterns. " 01/01/2019 - "We used the hippocampus of patients with refractory temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), diagnosed with hippocampal sclerosis (HS) or non-HS, to examine the distribution of phospho-4e-binding protein 1 (p4EBP1) by immunohistochemical staining (n=3-5). "
9.	Anticonvulsants (Antiepileptic Drugs)IBA 01/01/2021 - "Cats, similar to humans, are known to be affected by hippocampal sclerosis (HS), potentially causing antiepileptic drug (AED) resistance. " 01/01/2021 - "In addition, depressive features were linked to lower EF, current antiepileptic drug (AED) regimen, and the presence of hippocampal sclerosis. " 12/01/2017 - "Moderate-to-severe anxiety (odds ratio (OR)=2.851, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.138-7.144, P=0.025) and the presence of hippocampal sclerosis (OR=3.098, 95% CI=1.259-7.620, P=0.014) were positively associated with poor adherence to antiepileptic drugs. " 06/01/2014 - "Treatment strategy for the patient with hippocampal sclerosis who failed to the first antiepileptic drug." 01/01/2010 - "She had been treated with anticonvulsant medication under a diagnosis of left mesial temporal sclerosis based on magnetic resonance imaging findings. "
10.	CytokinesIBA 04/01/2018 - "Experimental and clinical studies have demonstrated an upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β and TNF-α, in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis (MTLE-HS). " 08/01/2012 - "In accordance with these results, the study of cerebrospinal fluid and brain specimens from patients with chronic epilepsy have shown increased levels of cytokines and areas of hippocampal sclerosis, respectively. " 12/01/2017 - "Cytokine Polymorphism and HLA Genotyping in Patients with Temporal Lobe Epilepsy Related to Hippocampal Sclerosis." 02/01/2016 - "Circulating CD4 and CD8 T cells expressing pro-inflammatory cytokines in a cohort of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy patients with hippocampal sclerosis." 01/01/2004 - "Finally, a functional polymorphism in the IL-1beta gene promoter, possibly associated with enhanced ability to produce this cytokine, has been specifically found in temporal lobe epilepsy patients with hippocampal sclerosis and in children with febrile seizures. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Therapeutics 10/01/2002 - "The long-term prognosis of pharmacological therapy in patients with mesial temporal sclerosis (MTS) is generally considered poor. " 03/01/2002 - "For this purpose, hippocampal CA1 subfields were dissected from surgical samples from patients with therapy-refractive TLE with (n = 5) or without (n = 2) hippocampal sclerosis and from age-matched nonepileptic postmortem controls (n = 5). " 01/01/2000 - "Both hippocampal sclerosis and other temporal lobe lesions are amenable to surgical therapy with excellent postsurgical seizure outcome. " 05/01/2011 - "Thus, while surgical treatment of temporal lobe epilepsy with unilateral hippocampal sclerosis is still beneficial in older patients who are refractory to medical therapy, surgical treatment should be considered at as early an age as possible, to maximize the chance for a better outcome with fewer complications." 02/25/2013 - "Our study may shed new light on possible therapies for patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis. "
2.	Anterior Temporal Lobectomy 01/01/2020 - "All had excellent outcome from anterior temporal lobectomy, and neuropathological study always showed characteristic hippocampal sclerosis (Hs). " 05/01/2005 - "Previous studies have shown that structural integrity (i.e., presence/absence of mesial temporal sclerosis (MTS)) of the left mesial temporal lobe is associated with verbal memory outcome following left anterior temporal lobectomy (ATL). " 10/01/2002 - "The aim of this study was to assess the eligibility to drive in patients with mesial temporal sclerosis who undergo anterior temporal lobectomy. " 07/01/2002 - "Further studies are ongoing to determine if these ERP abnormalities predict hippocampal sclerosis on histopathology, or outcome after anterior temporal lobectomy." 10/05/2023 - "We reviewed 18 right-handed patients with LMTLE who underwent anterior temporal lobectomy or selective amygdala hippocampectomy, 12 with (HS+) and 6 without hippocampal sclerosis (HS-). "
3.	Electrodes (Electrode) 07/01/2022 - "Seventy-four patients with unilateral mesial temporal sclerosis (MTS) were categorized into "type A" interictal epileptiform discharges (IEDs) with negativity over infero-lateral scalp electrodes over temporal region and contralateral central region showing positivity; all IEDs other than type A were categorized as type B. " 07/01/2003 - "Extent of ictal origin in mesial temporal sclerosis patients monitored with subdural intracranial electrodes predicts outcome." 06/01/2003 - "Chronic subdural electrode recording revealed that the ictal onset zone was localized in the ipsilateral inferior temporal gyrus (that had microdysgenesis) in Case 3 and contralateral medial temporal region (that had hippocampal sclerosis) in Case 4, respectively. " 03/01/2000 - "Investigators have shown that the presence of ictal spiking (IS) recorded from temporal depth electrodes is associated with mesial temporal sclerosis (MTS). " 05/01/1998 - "Careful ECoG recording with chronic subdural electrodes is mandatory even when the preoperative MRI does not demonstrate the radiological hippocampal sclerosis."
4.	Lasers (Laser) 01/01/2022 - "We reviewed 10 manuscripts included in a recent meta-analysis which found that mesial temporal sclerosis (MTS) predicted better surgical outcomes after a stereotactic laser amygdalohippocampectomy (SLAH). " 03/27/2018 - "10 patients with mesial temporal sclerosis underwent MR-guided stereotactic laser amygdalohippocampectomy. " 01/01/2020 - "We present neuropsychological and functional outcome data in a teenager undergoing stereotactic laser amygdalohippocampotomy (SLAH) who had drug-resistant mesial temporal lobe epilepsy due to left hippocampal sclerosis. " 03/27/2018 - "Magnetic resonance (MR)-guided stereotactic laser amygdalohippocampectomy is a minimally invasive procedure for the treatment of refractory epilepsy in patients with mesial temporal sclerosis. " 01/01/2021 - "This study was undertaken to identify clinical factors associated with seizure freedom after magnetic resonance-guided laser interstitial thermal therapy (MRgLiTT) in temporal lobe epilepsy patients with unilateral mesial temporal sclerosis (MTS). "
5.	Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation 01/01/2017 - "To evaluate the safety and efficacy of two protocols of tDCS in adult patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy and hippocampal sclerosis (MTLE-HS). " 01/01/2017 - "Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in Mesial Temporal Lobe Epilepsy and Hippocampal Sclerosis." 10/01/2016 - "The effect of transcranial direct current stimulation on seizure frequency of patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis." 10/01/2016 - "Our aim was to evaluate the effect of tDCS in patients diagnosed with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis (MTLE-HS) which is a well-known drug-resistant focal epilepsy syndrome. " 01/01/2018 - "Finally, considering that clinical studies on tDCS have been conducted for several epileptic syndromes, most were not previously tested in preclinical studies (Rasmussen's encephalitis, drug resistant epilepsy, and hippocampal sclerosis-induced epilepsy). "