Opium Dependence

Strong physiological and emotional dependence on OPIUM.

Also Known As:

Opium Abuse; Opium Addiction; Opium Smoking; Opium Use; Abuse, Opium; Abuses, Opium; Addiction, Opium; Dependence, Opium; Opium Abuses; Opium Uses; Smoking, Opium; Use, Opium; Uses, Opium

Networked: 225 relevant articles (7 outcomes, 42 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Chemically-Induced Disorders: 2
- Substance-Related Disorders: 21181
  - Narcotic-Related Disorders: 206
    - Opioid-Related Disorders: 9656
      - Opium Dependence: 225
Mental Disorders: 24177
- Substance-Related Disorders: 21181
  - Narcotic-Related Disorders: 206
    - Opioid-Related Disorders: 9656
      - Opium Dependence: 225

Related Diseases

1.	Diabetes Mellitus
2.	Hypertension (High Blood Pressure)
3.	Dyslipidemias (Dyslipidemia)
4.	Myocardial Infarction
5.	Hemorrhage

Experts

1.	Malekzadeh, Reza: 17 articles (01/2022 - 06/2004)
2.	Poustchi, Hossein: 13 articles (01/2022 - 11/2013)
3.	Kamangar, Farin: 11 articles (01/2022 - 06/2004)
4.	Boffetta, Paolo: 10 articles (01/2022 - 06/2004)
5.	Brennan, Paul: 9 articles (01/2022 - 06/2004)
6.	Pourshams, Akram: 9 articles (01/2022 - 06/2004)
7.	Abnet, Christian C: 8 articles (01/2022 - 06/2004)
8.	Islami, Farhad: 8 articles (01/2020 - 03/2010)
9.	Dawsey, Sanford M: 7 articles (01/2022 - 06/2004)
10.	Etemadi, Arash: 7 articles (01/2022 - 11/2013)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Opium Dependence:

1.	Methadone (Dolophine)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2020 - "Due to the results and the fact that adequate Methadone prescription for opium addiction, improving life quality and receiving emotional and medical support from staff could improve adherence to HIV medication in prisoners,comprehensive education of prisoners about their health condition along with staff education may improve the life condition of HIV infected prisoners and may cause dramatic improvement in ART adherence and prisoners health." 04/01/2020 - "This study investigated the association of rs495491, rs1799971 (A118G), rs589046, and rs10457090 variants of OPRM1 gene with opium dependence and their haplotypes among addicted individuals undergoing methadone treatment. " 08/01/2014 - "In drugs of abuse, opium was more prevalent in the early period of the study but was replaced by methadone later. " 01/01/2020 - "Other reasons were inadequate nutrition, lack of amenities, social stigma, lack of economic and psychological support, misbehavior of prison staff and inadequate methadone prescription for those with opium addiction. " 03/21/1975 - "[Use of methadone in the treatment of opium addiction]."
2.	OpiumIBA 03/01/2018 - "Based on the number of individuals treated and previous studies on the prevalence of oral opium use we estimated the total number of people at risk of lead-contaminated opium nationwide. " 01/01/2018 - "This study aimed to evaluate the association of various opium-related factors with common bile duct (CBD) diameter in individuals who use opium in the general population and investigate the clinical importance and long-term outcomes. " 01/01/2018 - "The present study was designed to identify the relationship between opium consumption and epigenetic mechanisms involved in opium addiction. " 12/01/2023 - "However, frequent opium use more than twice a day was associated with an increased risk of CRC compared to non-users of opium (OR: 2.0, 95% CI: 1.1, 3.8; p for quadratic trend 0.008). " 11/10/2023 - "After excluding participants with preexisting diseases, including diabetes, we used adjusted Poisson regression models to estimate incidence rate ratios (IRRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for T2DM in opium users compared with nonusers, using mediation analysis to assess the BMI-mediated association of opium use with incident T2DM. "
3.	Clonidine (ST 155)FDA LinkGeneric 08/01/2015 - "Premedication with clonidine to decrease intraoperative blood loss can be more effective in patients with opium addiction than the ones without addiction." 01/01/2013 - "Premedication with clonidine in patients with and without opium addiction can be effective to decrease the incidence of shivering and recovery time after operation." 01/01/2013 - "Effects of clonidine premedication upon postoperative shivering and recovery time in patients with and without opium addiction after elective leg fracture surgeries." 08/01/2015 - "The current study aimed to assess the effects of clonidine on intraoperative blood loss in patients with and without opium addiction in femoral fracture surgeries. " 01/01/2013 - "In this study we aimed to assess the effects of clonidine upon post anesthesia shivering and recovery time in patients with and without opium addiction after general anesthesia to decrease the subsequent complications related to the shivering and elongation of recovery time. "
4.	Heroin (Diamorphine)IBA 01/01/2022 - "Positive factors, such as employment, housing and family support, seem to collectively explain the higher retention in treatment among those who primarily use opium compared to those who use heroin. " 02/01/2014 - "More experiencing of self -stigma was associated with unemployment, positive history of IV drug use, incarceration and heroin consumption, compared to opium use. " 03/01/1997 - "The risk of addiction to opium smoking appears to be somewhat less than to parenteral use of heroin, but appreciably greater than to alcohol. " 10/01/1991 - "Before he returned home in Japan, he managed to withdraw from heroin by reducing the dose and replacing it with opium smoking. " 07/01/1981 - "The incidence of cigarettes, heroin, and opium smoking, and that of alcohol consumption is analysed. "
5.	Testosterone (Sustanon)FDA Link 01/01/2017 - "Rosa Damascena oil improved sexual function and testosterone in male patients with opium use disorder under methadone maintenance therapy-results from a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial."
6.	Bupivacaine (Bupivacaine Hydrochloride)FDA LinkGeneric 07/01/2007 - "The aim of this study was to determine whether chronic opium abuse could have any possible effect on the duration of spinal block by bupivacaine. " 12/01/2014 - "Effects of opium addiction on level of sensory block in spinal anesthesia with bupivacaine for lower abdomen and limb surgery: a case-control study." 06/01/2015 - "One hundred and twenty patients with (Groups C and D) and without (Groups A and B) a history of opium abuse (60 in each group) scheduled for elective upper extremity procedures were randomly assigned to either receive 30 mL bupivacaine alone (Groups A and C) or in combination with additional 10 µg sufentanil (Groups B and D). " 12/01/2014 - "The findings of this study suggested that after induction of spinal anesthesia with intrathecal administration of bupivacaine, chronic opium abusers would have a lower level of sensory block in comparison with patients without a history of opium abuse." 12/01/2012 - "The aim of this study was to demonstrate the possible effect of intrathecal midazolam compared with bupivacaine as adjuvants in spinal anesthesia with bupivacaine in chronic opium abuses. "
7.	Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (Tumor Necrosis Factor)IBA 01/01/2016 - "The present study assessed the effect of opium addiction on the cytokines [tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), interleukin-4 (IL-4), and IL-10] before and after laparotomy. " 01/01/2023 - "The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of opium on the expression of scavenger receptors including CD36, CD68, and CD9 tetraspanin in monocytes and the plasma levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interferon gamma (IFN-γ), malondialdehyde (MDA), and nitric oxide metabolites (NOx) in CAD patients with and without opium addiction. " 12/01/2022 - "The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of opium on the expression of scavenger receptors including CD36, CD68, and CD9 tetraspanin in monocytes and the plasma levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interferon gamma (IFN-γ), malondialdehyde (MDA), and nitric oxide metabolites (NOx) in patients with CAD with and without opium addiction. "
8.	HomocysteineIBA 04/01/2021 - "The results of study showed that opium addiction was associated with increased risk of CAE and CAD, independent of homocysteine serum levels." 08/01/2015 - "Multivariable linear regression model showed that the opium addiction could strongly predict elevated homocysteine level in the study individuals [beta = 3.524, standard error (SE) = 0.852] (P < 0.001). " 08/01/2015 - "In the present study and for the first time, we hypothesized that the opium addiction can be potentially correlated with elevated homocysteine concentration. " 08/01/2015 - "Although the triggering role of both opium use and elevated plasma homocysteine level for progressing atherosclerosis and, therefore, appearing coronary heart disease has been clearly determined, no study are available with respect to the relation between these to risk profiles. " 08/01/2015 - "Opium consumption can be strongly accompanied with the elevation of plasma homocysteine concentration, and thus opium addiction can exhibit elevated odds of having hyperhomocysteinemia."
9.	TetraspaninsIBA 01/01/2023 - "The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of opium on the expression of scavenger receptors including CD36, CD68, and CD9 tetraspanin in monocytes and the plasma levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interferon gamma (IFN-γ), malondialdehyde (MDA), and nitric oxide metabolites (NOx) in CAD patients with and without opium addiction. " 12/01/2022 - "The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of opium on the expression of scavenger receptors including CD36, CD68, and CD9 tetraspanin in monocytes and the plasma levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interferon gamma (IFN-γ), malondialdehyde (MDA), and nitric oxide metabolites (NOx) in patients with CAD with and without opium addiction. "
10.	Scavenger Receptors (Scavenger Receptor)IBA 01/01/2023 - "The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of opium on the expression of scavenger receptors including CD36, CD68, and CD9 tetraspanin in monocytes and the plasma levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interferon gamma (IFN-γ), malondialdehyde (MDA), and nitric oxide metabolites (NOx) in CAD patients with and without opium addiction. " 12/01/2022 - "The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of opium on the expression of scavenger receptors including CD36, CD68, and CD9 tetraspanin in monocytes and the plasma levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interferon gamma (IFN-γ), malondialdehyde (MDA), and nitric oxide metabolites (NOx) in patients with CAD with and without opium addiction. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Therapeutics 08/01/2013 - "In the present study, we have evaluated the efficiency of an herbal product as adjunct therapy for alleviation of withdrawal syndrome in opium abuse. " 01/31/2013 - "It is not possible to conclude about the use of any kind of pharmacologic therapies for maintenance treatment of opium dependence." 01/31/2013 - "To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of various pharmacological therapies on maintenance of opium dependence (alone or in combination with psychosocial interventions) compared to no intervention, detoxification, different doses of the same intervention, other pharmacologic interventions and any psychosocial interventions. " 01/31/2013 - "Pharmacological therapies for maintenance treatments of opium dependence." 01/01/2003 - "Changes in immunological parameters in patients with opium abuse receiving ANAR therapy."
2.	Premedication 08/01/2015 - "Premedication with clonidine to decrease intraoperative blood loss can be more effective in patients with opium addiction than the ones without addiction." 01/01/2013 - "Premedication with clonidine in patients with and without opium addiction can be effective to decrease the incidence of shivering and recovery time after operation." 01/01/2013 - "Effects of clonidine premedication upon postoperative shivering and recovery time in patients with and without opium addiction after elective leg fracture surgeries." 08/01/2015 - "Effects of Clonidine Premedication on Intraoperative Blood Loss in Patients With and Without Opium Addiction During Elective Femoral Fracture Surgeries." 08/01/2015 - "In a randomized clinical trial, 160 candidates for elective femoral fracture operations under general anesthesia were divided into four groups of 40 subjects: group 1 (placebo 1), subjects without addiction received placebo 90 minutes before the operation; group 2 (placebo 2), patients with opium addiction received placebo as group 1; group 3 (Clonidine 1), patients without addiction received clonidine 90 minutes before the operation and group 4 (Clonidine 2), patients with opium addiction received clonidine as premedication. "
3.	Drug Therapy (Chemotherapy) 01/01/2001 - "[Pathogenic pharmacotherapy in the acute phase of the withdrawal syndrome in opium addiction]." 01/24/2006 - "The expansion of services for drug users in Iran such as needle and syringe programs and pharmacotherapies are likely to be effective in reducing the harms associated with opium use and heroin injection."
4.	Drug Tapering 10/01/2021 - "The body of evidence supporting the safety and efficacy of OT-assisted treatment in assisted withdrawal, maintenance, and gradual dose reduction regimens is limited but somewhat promising, in particular among people with opium use disorder. "
5.	Coronary Artery Bypass (Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery) 11/01/2009 - "The association of opium dependence and postoperative complications following coronary artery bypass graft surgery: a propensity-matched study." 01/01/2020 - "Opium addiction has been recently suggested as a potential risk factor for the occurrence of perioperative complications in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery. " 01/01/2020 - "The effect of opium addiction on short-term postoperative outcomes after coronary artery bypass graft surgery: A prospective observational cohort study." 02/01/2011 - "Epidemiology of opium use in 4398 patients admitted for coronary artery bypass graft in Tehran Heart Center." 02/01/2010 - "Data regarding the effect of opium use on short-term outcome in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery are limited. "