Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries

Sprain or tear injuries to the ANTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENT of the knee.

Also Known As:

ACL Injuries; ACL Tears; Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury; Anterior Cruciate Ligament Tear; Anterior Cruciate Ligament Tears; ACL Injury; ACL Tear; Injuries, ACL; Injury, ACL; Tear, ACL; Tears, ACL

Networked: 985 relevant articles (44 outcomes, 154 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Wounds and Injuries: 176426
- Leg Injuries: 75
  - Knee Injuries: 1051
    - Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries: 985

Related Diseases

1.	Wounds and Injuries (Trauma)
2.	Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries
3.	Osteoarthritis
4.	Rupture
5.	Pain (Aches)

Experts

1.	Hewett, Timothy E: 20 articles (08/2020 - 10/2003)
2.	Myer, Gregory D: 18 articles (01/2021 - 10/2003)
3.	Fleming, Braden C: 13 articles (01/2022 - 01/2003)
4.	Musahl, Volker: 11 articles (08/2022 - 03/2004)
5.	Murray, Martha M: 11 articles (01/2022 - 12/2010)
6.	Ford, Kevin R: 11 articles (04/2021 - 10/2003)
7.	Beynnon, Bruce D: 9 articles (01/2020 - 01/2002)
8.	van der List, Jelle P: 8 articles (04/2021 - 01/2017)
9.	Snyder-Mackler, Lynn: 8 articles (09/2020 - 10/2008)
10.	Yang, Li: 8 articles (08/2020 - 01/2009)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries:

1.	CollagenIBA 07/01/2023 - "Ten studies investigated seven collagens and ten SNPs for the ACL injury. " 12/22/2022 - "The present study suggests the role of SNPs in genes encoding for collagens as female risk factors for ACL injury in football players. " 01/01/2022 - "The purpose of this study was to determine if gait biomechanics and daily physical activity (PA) associate with cartilage T2 relaxation times, a marker of collagen organization and water content, 1 month after ACL injury. " 09/07/2021 - "Our study demonstrates for the first time that collagen XII deficiency increases the risk of ACL injury." 09/01/2020 - "Further studies with more SNPs in genes encoding fibril-forming collagen and large sample sizes are necessary to fully understand the genetic link to ACL injuries among athletes."
2.	CytokinesIBA 05/01/2015 - "The purpose of this communication was to identify if a decrease in serum cytokine concentrations associates with an improvement in muscle strength after an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury. " 05/01/2015 - "Improvement in muscle strength after an anterior cruciate ligament injury corresponds with a decrease in serum cytokines." 01/01/2022 - "In this preclinical study, we hypothesized that synovial fluid presence of inflammatory cytokines, as well as altered loading on the injured leg, would be associated with greater development of macroscopic cartilage damage after an ACL injury. " 07/01/2021 - "Further study is warranted to determine whether inflammatory cytokines contribute to the development of OA of the knee after ACL injury." 01/01/2021 - "This study examined the levels of resolvins and other cytokines after ACL tears in skeletally immature and adult patients in order to determine if skeletal maturity affects the inflammatory pattern. "
3.	Oral ContraceptivesIBA 11/01/2019 - "The purpose of this study was to determine the potentially protective effects of oral contraceptive pills (OCPs) on ACL tears.Methods" 11/01/2019 - "Oral contraceptives provide protection against anterior cruciate ligament tears: a national database study of 165,748 female patients." 10/19/2020 - "This study further investigates a protective association between oral contraceptive (OC) use and anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury noted in prior case-control studies. " 04/01/2007 - "The 6 studies that separated the non-oral contraceptive and oral contraceptive data also favored an effect of the first half of the menstrual cycle for increased anterior cruciate ligament injuries. " 03/01/2002 - "The goal of this study was to analyze the 28-day periodicity of noncontact ACL injuries in female athletes taking and not taking oral contraceptives (OCs). "
4.	Hormones (Hormone)IBA 02/01/2020 - "Ultimately, this calls for further studies on the relationship between hormones and ACL injury risk and physicians to consider hormonal screening in addition to neuromuscular and biomechanical screening." 01/01/2023 - "The relative contributions of sex differences in anatomy, biomechanics, and hormones to the increased risk of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury in female athletes remains unknown. " 10/18/2021 - "One risk factor for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury may be fluctuations in female hormones. " 01/01/2021 - "The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to, identify, evaluate and summarise the effects of endogenous and exogenous ovarian hormones on AK laxity (primary outcome) and the occurrence of non-contact ACL injuries (secondary outcome) in women. " 01/01/2012 - "Muscle properties of the hamstrings and reproductive hormones were evaluated in 30 subjects (15 males and 15 females) that were free from lower extremity injury and had no history of ACL injury. "
5.	insulin receptor-related receptor (IRR)IBA 12/01/2022 - "Across 11 primary studies, prevention programs were effective in reducing non-contact ACL injuries by 64% (IRR = 0.36 (95% CI: 0.18-0.70)). " 08/01/2019 - "In studies where follow-up length was <1 year, female athletes had a higher IR of ACL injury than did to males (IRR=1.7; 95% CI 1.3 to 2.2; P<0.01). " 10/01/2022 - "Subgroup analysis also suggested a stronger effect on non-contact ACL injuries (IRR 0.34, 95% CI 0.18 to 0.65), whereas the effect on contact ACL injuries remained uncertain (IRR 0.59, 95% CI 0.15 to 2.30). " 08/01/2022 - "A significantly increased risk of ACL injury in games played on AT compared with NG was detected for female (IRR = 1.18 [95% CI, 1.05-1.31]; P = .004) but not for male players (IRR = 1.18 [95% CI, 0.97-1.42]; P = .09). " 08/01/2022 - "Pooled ACL injury IRRs demonstrated no significant differences in overall ACL injury risk when playing soccer on AT compared with NG (IRR = 0.57 [95% CI, 0.21-1.53]; P = .31). "
6.	Contraceptive Agents (Contraceptives)IBA 07/01/2017 - "The 2 largest and highest quality studies on hormonal contraceptives suggested that hormonal contraceptives may be protective against ACL injury. " 01/01/2021 - "Similarly, several studies have investigated the potential protective effect of hormonal contraceptives on non-contact ACL injuries, but their conclusions are also variable. " 02/01/2020 - "The literature presents large discrepancies in whether or not hormonal contraceptives affect ACL injury risk; therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate whether vertical ground reaction force (GRF) and knee valgus force are different between athletes who do and do not use hormonal contraceptives. " 07/01/2017 - "Twenty-one studies totaling 68,758 participants were included: 5 on the menstrual cycle and ACL injury, 7 on hormonal contraceptives and ACL injury, as well as 13 on menstrual cycle and ligament laxity. " 01/01/2019 - "A recent cross-sectional national USA registry of surgery to repair anterior cruciate ligament tears found that fewer adolescent women who reported using combined hormonal contraceptives (CHC) had the surgery. "
7.	Biocompatible Materials (Biomaterials)IBA 11/21/2022 - "As critical hurdles to the effective and safe translation of gene therapy for clinical applications still remain, including physiological barriers and host immune responses, biomaterial-guided gene therapy inspired by drug delivery systems has been further developed to protect and improve the classical procedures of gene transfer in the future treatment of ACL injuries in patients, as critically presented here." 01/01/2018 - "This article aims to review the current evidence produced by ex vivo and in vivo studies investigating biomaterial scaffolding and mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) techniques in orthopaedic tissue engineering of ACL injuries. " 07/06/2023 - "Gene therapy guided through the use of biomaterials may steadily activate the processes of repair in sites of ACL injury. " 04/03/2023 - "This ACL injury necessitates biomaterial replacement. " 10/01/2012 - "Therefore, decellularized bovine ACL tissue may be a safe, effective biomaterial for ACL injury treatments."
8.	lubricinIBA 08/01/2010 - "Our findings indicate that intraarticular lubricin injection following an ACL injury may be beneficial in retarding the degeneration of cartilage and the development of posttraumatic OA." 01/01/2011 - "Although longer term studies are needed, intra-articular supplementation (tribosupplementation) with lubricin after anterior cruciate ligament injury may protect the articular cartilage in the anterior cruciate ligament-injured knee." 06/01/2008 - "SF lubricin concentrations were significantly (P < 0.001) reduced at an early stage following ACL injury when compared with those in the contralateral joint. " 04/01/2012 - "To investigate whether cartilage degeneration is prevented or minimized in a rat model of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury following a single dose-escalated intraarticular injection of lubricin derived from human synoviocytes in culture. " 01/01/2011 - "Because lubricin loss occurs after anterior cruciate ligament injury, intra-articular lubricin injections may reduce cartilage damage in the anterior cruciate ligament-deficient knee. "
9.	Indicators and Reagents (Reagents)IBA 07/01/2020 - "Significant reduction in physical activity is a powerful indicator of cardiovascular (CV) disease; therefore, those with a history of ACL injury may be at increased risk for CV disease compared with noninjured individuals. " 08/01/2020 - "The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between an indicator of pubertal growth timing (age at adult height) and biomechanical risk for ACL injuries in men. " 09/01/2023 - "To identify an ACL injury, ATS measured under the axis protocol showed higher AUC values than the plateau protocol, including lateral ATS (AUC 0.828 vs. 0.688, P < 0.001), medial ATS (AUC 0.829 vs. 0.789, P = 0.013), and the combined indicator of lateral and medial ATS (AUC 0.885 vs. 0.810, P < 0.001). " 01/01/2015 - "The anteromedial tibial rim sign: an indicator of patellotibial impaction in acute anterior cruciate ligament tears." 02/01/2014 - "The current findings highlight the importance of instrumented anterior knee laxity assessments as a potential indicator of the risk of ACL injuries in addition to its clinical utility in the evaluation of ACL integrity."
10.	Explosive Agents (Explosives)IBA 04/06/2021 - "As landing with lesser KFIC is a risk factor for ACL injury, greater explosive quadriceps strength capacity might be beneficial for facilitating the use of safer landing mechanics during athletic tasks." 10/13/2020 - "Lower explosive quadriceps strength, quantified as rate of torque development (RTD), may contribute to landing mechanics associated with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury risk. " 04/01/2015 - "Lower explosive hamstrings-to-quadriceps (H/Q) force ratio in the first 150 ms from activation onset could reflect an impaired capacity for knee joint stabilisation and increased risk of ACL injury. " 01/01/2015 - "Because of the importance of hamstrings (HAM) and quadriceps (QUAD) strength for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury prevention and the high incidence of ACL injury in ski racing, HAM and QUAD maximal and explosive strength were assessed in ski racers with and without ACL reconstruction (ACL-R). " 01/01/2014 - "Prolonged hamstrings EMD appears to impair early phase (0-50 ms) explosive force production relative to the quadriceps and may render the knee unstable and prone to anterior cruciate ligament injury during this period."

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction 11/01/2020 - "Search terms included 'psychology,' 'sports injury,' 'anterior cruciate ligament injury,' 'anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction,' 'intervention,' 'return to play,' and 'return to sport.' Studies were included and reviewed if they reported on the efficacy of a psychosocial intervention program in injured athletes. " 06/30/2022 - "ACL (anterior cruciate ligament) reconstruction remains the gold standard surgical option for patients with ACL tears. " 06/24/2022 - "Arthroscopic anatomic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) is the gold standard treatment for an ACL tear and requires the use of fixed or adjustable-loop devices to fix a femoral-side graft. " 09/01/2020 - "Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) remains the gold standard treatment for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury. " 10/01/2019 - "Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) is the gold standard treatment for ACL tears to allow baseball players to return to sport (RTS). "
2.	Braces 04/06/2021 - "Implementing a non-operative treatment with brace in acute phase of ACL injury appears to be an effective and viable option to achieve a reasonable clinical outcome. " 01/01/2003 - "Bracing a knee with a chronic anterior cruciate ligament tear was effective in reducing abnormal anteroposterior laxity during nonweightbearing and weightbearing; however, braces were not effective in reducing the abnormal anterior translations produced by the change between these postures. " 01/01/2016 - "Treatment of acute ACL tears with the ACL-Jack brace leads to improved anterior knee laxity compared to nonsurgical treatment with functional rehabilitation." 10/01/2020 - "Twenty-four patients with KOA were assigned in a randomized crossover trial a valgus three-point bending system brace (V3P-brace), an unloader brace with valgus and external rotation functions (VER-brace) and a stabilizing brace used after ligament injuries (ACL-brace). " 01/01/2016 - "To study if the application of a brace, producing a dynamic posterior drawer force, after acute ACL injury reduces initial instability. "
3.	Sutures (Suture) 01/01/1984 - "Acute suture of isolated anterior cruciate ligament injuries afforded the best results in this series and is recommended." 03/17/2023 - "Clinical relevance: Since primary suture repair techniques of ACL tears have been abandoned because of inconsistent results, ACL reconstruction remains the gold standard of treating ACL tears. " 10/01/2022 - "A systematic search was performed using PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane for studies reporting on outcomes of primary repair of proximal ACL tears with suture augmentation between 2015 and 2021. " 01/01/2022 - "This study assesses the 5-year patient-reported outcomes of primary repair with suture tape augmentation for proximal ACL tears. " 06/01/2020 - "All studies reporting outcomes of arthroscopic primary repair of proximal ACL tears using primary repair, repair with static (suture) augmentation and dynamic augmentation between January 2014 and July 2019 in PubMed, Embase and Cochrane were identified and included. "
4.	Meniscectomy 06/01/2019 - "All evaluated patient profiles, ACL injury in a patient with post-meniscectomy syndrome, failed ACL reconstruction in patients with a meniscus defect, and ACL reconstruction in patients with malalignment due to meniscal defect, benefited from the combined MAT procedure at medium-term follow-up. " 05/01/2022 - "One-hundred and one patients with ACL tear were enrolled in the study and grouped according to the surgical technique and the meniscus treatment: regarding the SBLP technique (n = 55), 31 patients underwent isolated ACL reconstruction ("SBLP Isolated ACL Group"), while 24 patients underwent combined ACL reconstruction and partial medial meniscectomy ("SBLP ACL + MM Group"); regarding the SB technique (n = 46), 33 patients underwent isolated ACL reconstruction ("SB Isolated ACL Group"), while 13 patients underwent combined ACL reconstruction and partial medial meniscectomy ("SB ACL + MM Group"). " 12/01/2019 - "53 studies totalling ∼1 million participants were included: 185 219 participants with ACL injury, mean age 28 years, 35% females, 98% surgically reconstructed; 83 267 participants with meniscal injury, mean age 38 years, 36% females, 22% confirmed meniscectomy and 73% unknown; 725 362 participants with combined injury, mean age 31 years, 26% females, 80% treated surgically. " 11/01/2019 - "Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. A total of 164 patients with ACL tears were included in the present study and divided into 4 groups according to the meniscus treatment they underwent: patients with partial lateral meniscectomy (LM group), patients with partial medial meniscectomy (MM group), patients with partial medial and lateral meniscectomy (MLM group), and patients with intact menisci who did not undergo any meniscus treatment (IM group). " 12/01/2016 - "5 studies demonstrated a higher prevalence of OA following meniscectomies and anterior cruciate ligament tears. "
5.	Exercise Therapy (Therapy, Exercise) 11/01/2010 - "A progressive 5-week exercise therapy program leads to significant improvement in knee function early after anterior cruciate ligament injury." 12/01/2019 - "This trial included young active adults with an acute ACL injury and compared two treatment strategies: exercise therapy plus early reconstructive surgery, and exercise therapy plus delayed reconstructive surgery, if needed. " 04/01/2018 - "This study investigated electromyographic activity of selected trunk, core, and thigh muscles during common rehabilitation exercises for ACL injury. " 01/01/2018 - "Participants (n = 121) originated from the KANON-study (ISRCTN84752559), a treatment RCT including active adults with acute ACL injury treated with structured exercise therapy combined with early or the option of delayed ACLR. " 01/01/2018 - "The aims of the study were to 1) investigate knee-related self-efficacy 6 years after acute ACL injury in patients treated with exercise therapy alone or in combination with either early or the option of delayed ACL reconstruction (ACLR), and 2) to investigate associations between single-leg physical performance at various time points after ACL injury and knee self-efficacy at 6 years after injury. "