Testicular Microlithiasis

The deposition of calcium phosphate calculi within the SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES. It has a population prevalence of 0.6 to 9%, is associated with a majority of primary TESTICULAR NEOPLASMS, and is present in 1% of idiopathic cases of MALE INFERTILITY. May be associated with mutations in the SLC34A2 gene. OMIM: 610441

Networked: 46 relevant articles (0 outcomes, 3 trials/studies)

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Varicocele
2.	Neoplasms (Cancer)
3.	Cryptorchidism (Undescended Testes)
4.	Testicular Neoplasms (Testicular Cancer)
5.	Germ Cell and Embryonal Neoplasms (Germ Cell Tumor)

Experts

1.	Lu, Gen-Sheng: 2 articles (10/2017 - 03/2010)
2.	Song, Bo: 2 articles (10/2017 - 03/2010)
3.	Zhang, Qing-Hua: 2 articles (10/2017 - 03/2010)
4.	Azem, Foad: 1 article (01/2022)
5.	Barda, Shimi: 1 article (01/2022)
6.	Campens, Laurence: 1 article (01/2022)
7.	Coucke, Paul J: 1 article (01/2022)
8.	De Zaeytijd, Julie: 1 article (01/2022)
9.	Dekalo, Snir: 1 article (01/2022)
10.	Hauser, Ron: 1 article (01/2022)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Testicular Microlithiasis:

1.	Testosterone (Sustanon)FDA Link 09/01/2002 - "No significant differences were seen between the group with testicular microlithiasis and the group without testicular microlithiasis, in terms of age, seminalysis findings, and/or endocrinological parameters (testosterone, FSH, LH, prolactin). " 01/01/2009 - "Our report confirms the usefulness of scrotal ultrasonography for finding an occult testicular tumour in a patient with painful and recent onset bilateral gynecomastia and underlines: a) the important role of testosterone/estradiol ratio in the pathophysiology of gynecomastia; b) the questionable significance of testicular microlithiasis as marker of testis tumours; c) the possible association between beta-Thalassemia and tumoral pathologies." 09/01/2002 - "Methods:  In this study, we assessed subjects with varicoceles detected by using testicular ultrasound, and evaluated the cases of testicular microlithiasis in terms of age, seminalysis findings, and endocrinological parameters (testosterone, follicular stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and prolactin (PRL)). "
2.	Luteinizing Hormone (Lutropin)FDA LinkGeneric 11/01/2020 - "Luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone levels were higher in those with than those without testicular microlithiasis. " 09/01/2002 - "Methods:  In this study, we assessed subjects with varicoceles detected by using testicular ultrasound, and evaluated the cases of testicular microlithiasis in terms of age, seminalysis findings, and endocrinological parameters (testosterone, follicular stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and prolactin (PRL)). "
3.	Hormones (Hormone)IBA 01/01/2022 - "Sperm retrieval rate, testicular histopathology, testicular size, reproductive hormones, karyotyping, Y chromosome microdeletion analyses, and presence of varicoceles and hydroceles were compared between men with and without testicular microlithiasis. " 09/01/2002 - "Methods:  In this study, we assessed subjects with varicoceles detected by using testicular ultrasound, and evaluated the cases of testicular microlithiasis in terms of age, seminalysis findings, and endocrinological parameters (testosterone, follicular stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and prolactin (PRL)). "
4.	tyramine-deoxysorbitolIBA 03/01/2011 - "Although the genetic and environmental components of TDS remain unclear, studies of the molecular basis of TGCT support a genetic component for testicular microlithiasis and have identified multiple genes that are associated with TGCT. " 11/01/2018 - "Testicular microlithiasis (TM) is one of the symptoms of testicular dysgenesis syndrome (TDS). " 03/01/2011 - "The role of testicular microlithiasis in the clinical consideration of testicular biopsy is discussed in the context of the apparently healthy individual, the individual with TGCT and the individual with TDS." 03/01/2011 - "This association has added to evidence that testicular microlithiasis is a feature of the testicular dysgenesis syndrome (TDS), which is postulated to underpin disorders of male reproduction such as subfertility, testicular atrophy, cryptorchidism, TGCT and other abnormalities of sexual development. "
5.	SteroidsIBA 01/01/2020 - "The objective of this study was to report CYB5A deficiency, to discuss the contribution of steroid metabolomics to diagnosis and interpretation, and to highlight the presence of testicular microlithiasis. " 01/01/2020 - "We recommend liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry rather than immunoassay for serum steroid analysis, early methaemoglobin measurement and surveillance should testicular microlithiasis be detected."
6.	ProlactinIBA 09/01/2002 - "No significant differences were seen between the group with testicular microlithiasis and the group without testicular microlithiasis, in terms of age, seminalysis findings, and/or endocrinological parameters (testosterone, FSH, LH, prolactin). " 09/01/2002 - "Methods:  In this study, we assessed subjects with varicoceles detected by using testicular ultrasound, and evaluated the cases of testicular microlithiasis in terms of age, seminalysis findings, and endocrinological parameters (testosterone, follicular stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and prolactin (PRL)). "
7.	CalciumIBA 01/01/2018 - "Testicular microlithiasis (TM) is a condition characterized by calcium deposits within the testis, usually detected incidentally during ultrasonography of the scrotum. " 10/01/2013 - "Testicular microlithiasis (TM) is a pathological event characterised by the presence of microliths within the testicular entities, and such calcium deposition is thought to have deleterious impacts on the structure of blood-testis barrier (BTB). " 01/01/2010 - "Testicular microlithiasis (TM) is characterized by calcium deposits within the seminiferous tubules and is associated with benign and malign conditions. " 06/01/2007 - "Testicular microlithiasis (TM) refers to the calcium deposits within the seminiferous tubules. " 12/01/2003 - "Testicular microlithiasis (TM) is an uncommon condition characterized by calcium deposits within the seminiferous tubules. "
8.	Tumor Biomarkers (Tumor Markers)IBA 01/01/2006 - "All men diagnosed with testicular microlithiasis underwent complete clinical evaluations, physical examinations and determination of tumor markers. " 12/01/2001 - "Tumor markers were normal in all subjects with testicular microlithiasis. " 12/01/2001 - "In all subjects with testicular microlithiasis tumor markers were also measured. " 09/01/1998 - "However, we still advocate close surveillance of patients with testicular microlithiasis, such as yearly testicular ultrasound, physical examination, and judicious tumor marker determinations. " 07/01/2006 - "One of the patients with testicular microlithiasis presented a rising in biochemical tumor markers (LDH, and HCG) and underwent orchidectomy one year later. "
9.	Calcifying NanoparticlesIBA 10/30/2017 - "Calcifying nanoparticles (NPs) have been proven to be associated with a variety of pathological calcification and previously detected in semen samples from patients with testicular microlithiasis (TM). " 10/30/2017 - "Role of calcifying nanoparticles in the development of testicular microlithiasis in vivo." 03/01/2010 - "Nanobacteria may be linked to testicular microlithiasis in infertility."
10.	Durapatite (Hydroxylapatite)IBA 04/01/2015 - "Testicular microlithiasis (TM) is a relatively rare clinical entity of controversial significance characterized by the existence of hydroxyapatite microliths located in the seminiferous tubules. " 01/01/2004 - "Raman spectroscopic analysis identifies testicular microlithiasis as intratubular hydroxyapatite."

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Orchiectomy (Orchidectomy) 05/01/1992 - "The sonographic appearance of testicular microlithiasis is specific, and we believe that biopsy or orchiectomy in these cases is unnecessary." 12/01/2000 - "In one patient with testicular microlithiasis, a previous orchidectomy for mixed germ cell tumor had been performed (not included in the relative risk calculation). " 01/01/1991 - "Orchiectomy revealed intratubular germ cell neoplasia with testicular microlithiasis. " 03/01/2015 - "Partial Orchiectomy for the Treatment of a Benign Sclerosing Sertoli Cell Tumor: A Report of a Rare Tumor in Association With Testicular Microlithiasis." 07/01/2006 - "Two cases of testicular torsion in a cryptorchid position had testicular microlithiasis, but the orchidectomy specimen (after surgery) was negative for testicular cancer. "
2.	Orchiopexy 01/01/2022 - "Incidence of testicular microlithiasis after orchidopexy for cryptorchidism and its risk factors: A retrospective cohort study." 11/01/2013 - "Testicular microlithiasis in acquired undescended testis after orchidopexy at diagnosis." 04/01/2001 - "[Testicular microlithiasis and cryptorchism: ultrasound analysis after orchidopexy]."
3.	Chelation Therapy (Therapy, Chelation) 11/01/2015 - "Testicular microlithiasis was associated with age and high serum ferritin levels, but there was no association between Ca, Ph, and PTH levels; blood transfusion; and oral or subcutaneous iron chelation therapy. "
4.	Therapeutics 11/01/2015 - "A correlation was found between testicular microlithiasis with age and serum ferritin levels, so regular and adequate iron chelator therapy (at least 10-12 h per day for 5-6 days a week) is recommended. "
5.	Splenectomy 11/01/2015 - "Also, there was no significant correlation between hyperparathyroidism, history of viral hepatitis, and splenectomy with testicular microlithiasis. "