Sulforaphane (SFN), which is a hydrolysis product from
glucoraphanin, a compound found in cruciferous vegetables, has been studied for its potential health benefits, particularly in disease prevention and treatment. SFN has proven to be effective in combating different types of
cancer by inhibiting the proliferation of
tumors and triggering apoptosis. This dual action has been demonstrated to result in a reduction in
tumor size and an enhancement of survival rates in animal models. SFN has also shown
antidiabetic and anti-
obesity effects, improving
glucose tolerance and reducing fat accumulation. SFN's ability to activate Nrf2, a
transcription factor regulating oxidative stress and
inflammation in cells, is a primary mechanism behind its anticancerogenic and
antidiabetic effects. Its
antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic properties are also suggested to provide beneficial effects against
neurodegenerative diseases. The potential health benefits of SFN have led to increased interest in its use as a dietary supplement or adjunct to
chemotherapy, but there are insufficient data on its efficacy and optimal doses, as well as its safety. This review aims to present and discuss SFN's potential in treating various diseases, such as
cancer, diabetes,
cardiovascular diseases,
obesity, and
neurodegenerative diseases, focusing on its mechanisms of action. It also summarizes studies on the pharmacological and toxicological potential of SFN in in vitro and animal models and explores its protective role against toxic compounds through in vitro and animal studies.