Biofilms are complex microbial communities formed by the attachment of bacteria or fungi to surfaces encased in a self-produced polymeric matrix. These biofilms are highly resistant to conventional antimicrobial
therapies. The resistance mechanisms exhibited by biofilms include low
antibiotic absorption, sluggish replication, adaptive stress response, and the formation of dormant-like phenotypes. The eradication of biofilms requires alternative strategies and approaches. Nanotechnological drug delivery systems allow excellent control over the
drug chemistry, surface area, particle size, particle shape, and composition of nanostructures. Nanoformulations can enhance the efficacy of
antimicrobial agents by improving their bioavailability, stability, and targeted delivery to the site of
infection that helps biofilm eradication more effectively. In addition to nanoformulations, the route of administration and choice of
dosage forms play a crucial role in treating biofilm
infections. Systemic administration of
antibiotics is effective in controlling systemic
infection and
sepsis associated with biofilms. Alternative routes of administration, such as inhalation, vaginal, ocular, or dermal, have been explored to target biofilm
infections in specific organs. This review primarily examines the utilisation of nanoformulations in various administration routes for biofilm management. It also provides an overview of biofilms, current approaches, and the drawbacks associated with conventional methods.