The utilization of plant-derived supplements for disease prevention and treatment has long been recognized because of their remarkable potential. Ananas comosus, commonly known as pineapple, produces a group of
enzymes called
bromelain, which contains sulfhydryl moieties. Recent studies have shown that
bromelain exhibits a wide range of activities, including anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, anti-
cancer, and anti-rheumatic properties. These properties make
bromelain a promising
drug candidate for the treatment of various diseases. The anti-inflammatory activity of
bromelain has been shown to be useful in treating inflammatory conditions such as
osteoarthritis,
rheumatoid arthritis, and
asthma, whereas the anti-
cancer activity of
bromelain is via induction of apoptosis, inhibition of angiogenesis, and enhancement of the body's immune response. The anti-diabetic property of
bromelain is owing to the improvement in
glucose metabolism and reduction in
insulin resistance. The therapeutic potential of
bromelain has been investigated in numerous preclinical and clinical studies and a number of patents have been granted to date. Various formulations and delivery systems are being developed in order to improve the efficacy and safety of this molecule, including the microencapsulated form to treat oral inflammatory conditions and liposomal formulations to treat
cancer. The development of novel drug delivery systems and formulations has further ameliorated the therapeutic potential of
bromelain by improving its bioavailability and stability, while reducing the side effects. This review intends to discuss various properties and therapeutic applications of
bromelain, along with its possible mechanism of action in treating various diseases. Recent patents and clinical trials concerning
bromelain have also been covered.