Giant prolactinomas, a detailed analysis of 196 adult cases.

Abstract

PURPOSE:

Giant prolactinomas are a rare entity, representing approximately 5% of all prolactinomas. A systematic review of 196 adult cases was performed. A comparison of the clinical, biochemical and radiological characteristics, management and therapeutic outcomes in men versus women is made.

METHODS:

A structured search was conducted using the term 'giant prolactinoma'. Following inclusion criteria were used: diameter ≥ 40 mm, prolactin levels > 1000 ng/ml and no concomitant GH/ ACTH secretion.

RESULTS:

196 cases were included [age: 38 (28-50) years, F/M ratio: 1/3.6]. Median tumor diameter was 53 (43-69) mm. Pituitary deficiency was present in 91% of cases, with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism being the most frequent. Most common presenting symptoms were visual impairment (73%) and headache (50%) in men and amenorrhea (58%) in women. 82% of cases were treated with a dopamine agonist (DA) as first-line treatment which led to normoprolactinemia, tumor shrinkage and visual improvement in 51%, 88% and 85% of cases, respectively. Surgery was performed in 29% of cases and all showed tumor remnant and persistent hyperprolactinemia. Women had a lower prolactin level and a smaller tumor diameter at diagnosis but pituitary deficiencies were more frequent and outcome was worse.

CONCLUSION:

Giant prolactinomas are rare and have a male predominance. Visual impairment is the most frequent presenting symptom in men and amenorrhea in women. The gender-related difference in tumor size and level of prolactin was confirmed in this analysis where men had a larger diameter and a higher baseline prolactin level. DAs are the treatment of choice, irrespective of tumor size and presence of visual impairment. As only half of the cases achieved normoprolactinemia we do not, in contrast to previous literature, state giant prolactinomas to be exquisitely sensitive to DAs. Patient characteristics associated with persistent hyperprolactinemia after treatment with a DA were female gender, higher baseline prolactin and larger tumor size . This analysis did show TSH- and ACTH-deficiency to be more frequent after surgery which was not seen for LH/FSH deficiency.

• Authors: Billion Lisa, Verleye Arno, De Block Christophe, Van de Heyning Paul, De Herdt Carlien
• Journal: Pituitary (Pituitary) Vol. 26 Issue 5 Pg. 529-537 (Oct 2023) ISSN: 1573-7403 [Electronic] United States
• PMID: 37544978 (Publication Type: Systematic Review, Journal Article, Review)
• Copyright: © 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.

Chemical References

• Prolactin
• Dopamine Agonists
• Adrenocorticotropic Hormone

Topics

• Female
• Adult
• Male
• Humans
• Prolactinoma (pathology)
• Pituitary Neoplasms (pathology)
• Hyperprolactinemia (drug therapy)
• Prolactin
• Amenorrhea
• Dopamine Agonists (therapeutic use)
• Hypopituitarism (drug therapy)
• Vision Disorders
• Adrenocorticotropic Hormone