Abstract | BACKGROUND: METHOD: A total of 504 LT recipients with (HCC group; n = 252) and without HCC (non-HCC group; n = 252) were included in the present case-control study. Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS-21) and Coronavirus Anxiety Scale (CAS) were used to evaluate the depression, stress, and anxiety levels of LT patients. DASS-21 total and CAS-SF scores were determined as the primary outcomes of the study. Poisson regression and negative binomial regression models were used to predict the DASS and CAS scores. The incidence rate ratio ( IRR) was used as a coefficient. Both groups were also compared in terms of awareness of the COVID-19 vaccine. RESULTS: Poisson regression and negative binomial regression analyses for DASS-21 total and CAS-SF scales showed that the negative binomial regression method was the appropriate model for both scales. According to this model, it was determined that the following independent variables increased the DASS-21 total score: non-HCC ( IRR: 1.26; p = 0.031), female gender ( IRR: 1.29; p = 0.036), presence of chronic disease ( IRR: 1.65; p < 0.001), exposure to COVID-19 ( IRR: 1.63; p < 0.001), and nonvaccination ( IRR: 1.50; p = 0.002). On the other hand, it was determined that the following independent variables increased the CAS score: female gender ( IRR:1.75; p = 0.014) and exposure to COVID-19 ( IRR: 1.51; p = 0.048). Significant differences were found between the HCC and non-HCC groups in terms of median DASS-21 total (p < 0.001) and CAS-SF (p = 0.002) scores. Cronbach's alpha internal consistency coefficients of DASS-21 total and CAS-SF scales were calculated to be 0.823 and 0.783, respectively. CONCLUSION: This study showed that the variables including patients without HCC, female gender, having a chronic disease, being exposed to COVID-19, and not being vaccinated against COVID-19 increased anxiety, depression, and stress. High internal consistency coefficients obtained from both scales indicate that these results are reliable.
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Authors | Sami Akbulut, Zeynep Kucukakcali, Hasan Saritas, Cigdem Bozkir, Murat Tamer, Musap Akyuz, Nazlican Bagci, Selver Unsal, Mehmet Serdar Akbulut, Tevfik Tolga Sahin, Cemil Colak, Sezai Yilmaz |
Journal | Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland)
(Diagnostics (Basel))
Vol. 13
Issue 8
(Apr 13 2023)
ISSN: 2075-4418 [Print] Switzerland |
PMID | 37189511
(Publication Type: Journal Article)
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