Reality of clonidine poisoning in children and adolescents.

Abstract

AIM:

We aimed to describe the severity of clonidine poisonings in a paediatric population referred to a tertiary toxicology service.

METHODS:

We undertook a retrospective review of all presentations of clonidine poisoning in children or adolescents reported to a tertiary toxicology service from March 2014 to February 2020. Cases were divided into young children (0-6 years), older children (7-11 years) and adolescents (12-17 years). We report clinical effects: bradycardia, hypotension and abnormal Glasgow coma score (GCS), based on standard paediatric observation charts, interventions, length of emergency department stay, proportion admitted to a medical ward or paediatric intensive care unit.

RESULTS:

We identified 111 clonidine poisonings, 41 young children, 9 older children and 61 adolescents. There were more females in the adolescent group and slightly more males in the younger age groups. The median dose ingested was 13 mcg/kg (interquartile range: 7-38 mcg/kg), which varied across ages. Clonidine alone was ingested in 78 cases (70%) and co-ingestion was more common in adolescents (24/61; 39%). Thirty-seven patients (33%) were admitted and 23 (21%) were admitted to paediatric intensive care unit. Median length of emergency department stay was 16.4 h, longer for adolescents. At least one abnormal observation occurred in 101 of 111 (91%) cases: 76 of 106 (72%) bradycardia, 76 of 110 (69%) hypotension and 4 of 99 (4%) GCS < 9. Thirteen (12%) had severe bradycardia, more common in young children and 23 (21%) had severe hypotension, more common in adolescents. For 27 children (0-11 years) ingesting 5-10 mcg/kg, 3 (11%) had severe bradycardia or severe hypotension and 1 received naloxone (4%). No cases ingesting <5 mcg/kg developed moderate/severe bradycardia or hypotension. Four cases received naloxone with no significant change, two patients got atropine with a transient response. One patient was intubated to facilitate safe inter-hospital transfer.

CONCLUSION:

Paediatric clonidine poisoning commonly results in bradycardia, hypotension and decreased GCS, but rarely severe or requiring major interventions. Children ingesting <5 mcg/kg do not require admission.

• Authors: Chi Duong, Caitlyn Lovett, MIchael A Downes, Geoffrey K Isbister
• Journal: Journal of paediatrics and child health (J Paediatr Child Health) Vol. 59 Issue 6 Pg. 827-832 (06 2023) ISSN: 1440-1754 [Electronic] Australia
• PMID: 37036115 (Publication Type: Journal Article, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't)
• Copyright: © 2023 The Authors. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health published by John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd on behalf of Paediatrics and Child Health Division (The Royal Australasian College of Physicians).

Chemical References

• Clonidine
• Atropine
• Naloxone

Topics

• Male
• Female
• Child
• Humans
• Adolescent
• Child, Preschool
• Clonidine
• Bradycardia (chemically induced)
• Atropine
• Hypotension (chemically induced)
• Naloxone
• Retrospective Studies
• Poisoning