The ageing process is a systemic decline from cellular dysfunction to organ degeneration, with more predisposition to deteriorated disorders.
Rejuvenation refers to giving aged cells or organisms more youthful characteristics through various techniques, such as cellular reprogramming and epigenetic regulation. The great leaps in cellular
rejuvenation prove that ageing is not a one-way street, and many rejuvenative interventions have emerged to delay and even reverse the ageing process. Defining the mechanism by which roadblocks and signaling inputs influence complex ageing programs is essential for understanding and developing rejuvenative strategies. Here, we discuss the intrinsic and extrinsic factors that counteract cell
rejuvenation, and the targeted cells and core mechanisms involved in this process. Then, we critically summarize the latest advances in state-of-art strategies of cellular
rejuvenation. Various
rejuvenation methods also provide insights for treating specific ageing-related diseases, including cellular reprogramming, the removal of senescence cells (SCs) and suppression of senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), metabolic manipulation, stem cells-associated
therapy,
dietary restriction, immune
rejuvenation and heterochronic
transplantation, etc. The potential applications of
rejuvenation therapy also extend to
cancer treatment. Finally, we analyze in detail the therapeutic opportunities and challenges of
rejuvenation technology. Deciphering
rejuvenation interventions will provide further insights into anti-ageing and ageing-related disease treatment in clinical settings.