Nonorganic (Behavioral) Signs and Their Association With Epidural Corticosteroid Injection Treatment Outcomes and Psychiatric Comorbidity in Cervical Radiculopathy: A Multicenter Study.

Abstract

OBJECTIVE:

To determine the association between cervical nonorganic pain signs and epidural corticosteroid injection outcomes and coexisting pain and psychiatric conditions.

PATIENTS AND METHODS:

Seventy-eight patients with cervical radiculopathy who received epidural corticosteroid injection were observed to determine the effects that nonorganic signs have on treatment outcome. A positive outcome was a decrease of 2 or more points in average arm pain, coupled with a score of 5 on a 7-point Patient Global Impression of Change scale 4 weeks after treatment. Nine tests in 5 categories (abnormal tenderness, regional disturbances deviating from normal anatomy, overreaction, discrepancies in examination findings with distraction, and pain during sham stimulation) were modified from previous studies and standardized. Other variables examined for their association with nonorganic signs and outcomes included disease burden, psychopathology, coexisting pain conditions, and somatization.

RESULTS:

Of the 78 patients, 29% (n=23) had no nonorganic signs, 21% (n=16) had signs in 1 category, 10% (n=8) had signs in 2 categories, 21% (n=16) had signs in 3 categories, 10% (n=8) had signs in 4 categories, and 9% (n=7) had signs in 5 categories. The most common nonorganic sign was superficial tenderness (44%; n=34). Mean number of positive nonorganic categories was higher in individuals with negative treatment outcomes (2.5±1.8; 95% CI, 2.0 to 3.1) compared with those with positive outcomes (1.1±1.3; 95% CI, 0.7 to 1.5; P=.0002). Negative treatment outcomes were most strongly associated with regional disturbances and overreaction. Positive associations were noted between nonorganic signs and multiple pain (P=.011) and multiple psychiatric (P=.028) conditions.

CONCLUSION:

Cervical nonorganic signs correlate with treatment outcome, pain, and psychiatric comorbidities. Screening for these signs and psychiatric symptoms may improve treatment outcomes.

TRIAL REGISTRATION:

ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT04320836.

• Authors: Steven P Cohen, Tina L Doshi, Edward Dolomisiewicz, David E Reece, Zirong Zhao, Mirinda Anderson-White, Angelia Kasuke, Eric J Wang, Annie Hsu, Shelton A Davis, Yongjae Yoo, Paul F Pasquina, Jee Youn Moon
• Journal: Mayo Clinic proceedings (Mayo Clin Proc) Vol. 98 Issue 6 Pg. 868-882 (06 2023) ISSN: 1942-5546 [Electronic] England
• PMID: 36803892 (Publication Type: Multicenter Study, Journal Article, Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.)
• Copyright: Copyright © 2022 Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. All rights reserved.

Chemical References

• Adrenal Cortex Hormones

Topics

• Humans
• Radiculopathy (diagnosis, drug therapy, epidemiology)
• Adrenal Cortex Hormones (therapeutic use)
• Treatment Outcome
• Neck Pain (diagnosis, drug therapy, epidemiology)
• Comorbidity