Cathepsins can be found in the extracellular space, cytoplasm, and nucleus. It was initially suspected that the primary physiological function of the
cathepsins was to break down intracellular
protein, and that they also had a role in
pathological processes including
inflammation and apoptosis. However, the many actions of
cathepsins outside the cell and their complicated
biological impacts have garnered much interest.
Cathepsins play significant roles in a number of illnesses by regulating parenchymal cell proliferation, cell migration, viral invasion,
inflammation, and immunological responses through extracellular matrix remodeling, signaling disruption, leukocyte recruitment, and cell adhesion. In this review, we outline the physiological roles of
cathepsins in the extracellular space, the crucial pathological functions performed by
cathepsins in illnesses, and the recent breakthroughs in the detection and
therapy of specific inhibitors and
fluorescent probes in associated dysfunction.