Toxic Metals and Metalloids in Infant Formulas Marketed in Brazil, and Child Health Risks According to the Target Hazard Quotients and Target Cancer Risk.

Abstract

Children are highly vulnerable to chemical exposure. Thus, metal and metalloid in infant formulas are a concern, although studies in this regard are still relatively scarce. Thus, the presence of aluminum, arsenic, cadmium, tin, mercury, lead, and uranium was investigated in infant formulas marketed in Brazil by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, and the Target Hazard Quotients (THQ) and Target Cancer Risk (TCR) were calculated in to assess the potential risk of toxicity for children who consume these products continuously. Aluminum ranging from 0.432 ± 0.049 to 1.241 ± 0.113 mg·kg-1, arsenic from 0.012 ± 0.009 to 0.034 ± 0.006 mg·kg-1, and tin from 0.007 ± 0.003 to 0.095 ± 0.024 mg·kg-1 were the major elements, while cadmium and uranium were present at the lowest concentrations. According to the THQ, arsenic contents in infant formulas showed a THQ > 1, indicating potential health risk concerns for newborns or children. Minimal carcinogenic risks were observed for the elements considered carcinogenic. Metabolic and nutritional interactions are also discussed. This study indicates the need to improve infant formula surveillance concerning contamination by potentially toxic and carcinogenic elements.

• Authors: Cristine Couto de Almeida, Diego Dos Santos Baião, Paloma de Almeida Rodrigues, Tatiana Dillenburg Saint'Pierre, Rachel Ann Hauser-Davis, Katia Christina Leandro, Vania Margaret Flosi Paschoalin, Marion Pereira da Costa, Carlos Adam Conte-Junior
• Journal: International journal of environmental research and public health (Int J Environ Res Public Health) Vol. 19 Issue 18 (09 06 2022) ISSN: 1660-4601 [Electronic] Switzerland
• PMID: 36141460 (Publication Type: Journal Article, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't)

Chemical References

• Aluminum
• Arsenic
• Cadmium
• Carcinogens
• Mercury
• Metalloids
• Metals, Heavy
• Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell
• Tin
• Uranium

Topics

• Child
• Humans
• Infant
• Infant, Newborn
• Aluminum (analysis)
• Arsenic (analysis, toxicity)
• Brazil (epidemiology)
• Cadmium (analysis)
• Carcinogens (analysis, toxicity)
• Child Health
• Food Contamination (analysis)
• Heavy Metal Poisoning
• Infant Formula (analysis)
• Mercury (analysis)
• Metalloids (analysis)
• Metals, Heavy (analysis)
• Neoplasms
• Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell
• Risk Assessment
• Tin (analysis)
• Uranium (analysis)