Trefoil factor (TFF) family is a type of small secreted
peptide characterized by a stable trefoil structure, and it includes three members: TFF1, TFF2 and TFF3. TFFs were initially found mainly distributed in the gastrointestinal mucosa and were subsequently found in the uterus, breast, hypothalamus, pituitary, respiratory tract, conjunctiva and other tissues, with the
biological function of mucosal protection, epithelial restitution, inflammatory regulation, etc. Recent studies have found that TFFs' expression was up-regulated in multiple malignant
tumors, including
gastric cancer,
colon cancer,
hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC),
breast cancer,
prostate cancer, etc. In addition, TFFs' levels in these
tumor tissues or in the serum of patients were closely correlated with
malignancy and prognosis. TFFs promote
tumorigenesis and
metastasis by enhancing cell proliferation, invasion,
metastasis, and angiogenesis and by inhibiting cell apoptosis. On the contrary, several recent studies have shown a down-regulation of TFFs in some
cancers, and a
tumor suppressing role of TFFs through the inhibition of
tumor cell proliferation and the promotion of apoptosis. Do TFFs play a
tumor-promoting or
tumor-inhibiting role? Can they be used as a reliable
biomarker for
tumor diagnosis and prognosis, or as a treatment target? What is the underlying regulatory mechanism? Currently, these questions still need to be elucidated. This review summarizes current studies about the expression and role of TFFs in human
tumors.