Cholesterol is considered indispensable for cell motility, but how physiological
cholesterol pools enable cells to move forward remains to be clarified. The majority of cells obtain
cholesterol from the uptake of
Low-Density lipoproteins (
LDL) and here we demonstrate that
LDL stimulates A431 squamous epithelial
carcinoma and Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell migration and invasion.
LDL also potentiated
epidermal growth factor (
EGF) -stimulated A431 cell migration as well as A431 invasion in 3-dimensional environments, using organotypic assays. Blocking
cholesterol export from late endosomes (LE), using Niemann Pick Type C1 (NPC1) mutant cells, pharmacological NPC1 inhibition or overexpression of the
annexin A6 (AnxA6) scaffold
protein, compromised
LDL-inducible migration and invasion. Nevertheless, NPC1 mutant cells established focal adhesions (FA) that contain activated
focal adhesion kinase (pY397FAK, pY861FAK),
vinculin and
paxillin. Compared to controls, NPC1 mutants display increased FA numbers throughout the cell body, but lack
LDL-inducible FA formation at cell edges. Strikingly, AnxA6 depletion in NPC1 mutant cells, which restores late endosomal
cholesterol export in these cells, increases their cell motility and association of the
cholesterol biosensor D4H with active FAK at cell edges, indicating that AnxA6-regulated transport routes contribute to
cholesterol delivery to FA structures, thereby improving NPC1 mutant cell migratory behaviour.