Long-term outcomes after gene therapy for adenosine deaminase severe combined immune deficiency.

Abstract

Patients lacking functional adenosine deaminase activity have severe combined immunodeficiency (ADA SCID), which can be treated with ADA enzyme replacement therapy (ERT), allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), or autologous HSCT with gene-corrected cells (gene therapy [GT]). A cohort of 10 ADA SCID patients, aged 3 months to 15 years, underwent GT in a phase 2 clinical trial between 2009 and 2012. Autologous bone marrow CD34+ cells were transduced ex vivo with the MND (myeloproliferative sarcoma virus, negative control region deleted, dl587rev primer binding site)-ADA gammaretroviral vector (gRV) and infused following busulfan reduced-intensity conditioning. These patients were monitored in a long-term follow-up protocol over 8 to 11 years. Nine of 10 patients have sufficient immune reconstitution to protect against serious infections and have not needed to resume ERT or proceed to secondary allogeneic HSCT. ERT was restarted 6 months after GT in the oldest patient who had no evidence of benefit from GT. Four of 9 evaluable patients with the highest gene marking and B-cell numbers remain off immunoglobulin replacement therapy and responded to vaccines. There were broad ranges of responses in normalization of ADA enzyme activity and adenine metabolites in blood cells and levels of cellular and humoral immune reconstitution. Outcomes were generally better in younger patients and those receiving higher doses of gene-marked CD34+ cells. No patient experienced a leukoproliferative event after GT, despite persisting prominent clones with vector integrations adjacent to proto-oncogenes. These long-term findings demonstrate enduring efficacy of GT for ADA SCID but also highlight risks of genotoxicity with gRVs. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT00794508.

• Authors: Bryanna Reinhardt, Omar Habib, Kit L Shaw, Elizabeth Garabedian, Denise A Carbonaro-Sarracino, Dayna Terrazas, Beatriz Campo Fernandez, Satiro De Oliveira, Theodore B Moore, Alan K Ikeda, Barbara C Engel, Gregory M Podsakoff, Roger P Hollis, Augustine Fernandes, Connie Jackson, Sally Shupien, Suparna Mishra, Alejandra Davila, Jack Mottahedeh, Andrej Vitomirov, Wenzhao Meng, Aaron M Rosenfeld, Aoife M Roche, Pascha Hokama, Shantan Reddy, John Everett, Xiaoyan Wang, Eline T Luning Prak, Kenneth Cornetta, Michael S Hershfield, Robert Sokolic, Suk See De Ravin, Harry L Malech, Frederic D Bushman, Fabio Candotti, Donald B Kohn
• Journal: Blood (Blood) Vol. 138 Issue 15 Pg. 1304-1316 (10 14 2021) ISSN: 1528-0020 [Electronic] United States
• PMID: 33974038 (Publication Type: Clinical Trial, Phase II, Journal Article, Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural)
• Copyright: © 2021 by The American Society of Hematology.

Chemical References

• ADA protein, human
• Adenosine Deaminase

Topics

• Adenosine Deaminase (genetics)
• Adolescent
• Agammaglobulinemia (genetics, therapy)
• Child
• Child, Preschool
• Follow-Up Studies
• Genetic Therapy (methods)
• Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation (methods)
• Humans
• Infant
• Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (genetics, therapy)
• Transplantation, Autologous (methods)
• Treatment Outcome