Beyond neutralization,
antibodies binding to their
Fc receptors elicit several innate immune functions including antibody-dependent
complement deposition (ADCD), antibody-dependent cell-mediated phagocytosis (ADCP), and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). These functions are beneficial, as they contribute to pathogen clearance; however, they also can induce
inflammation. We tested the possibility that qualitative differences in SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody-mediated innate immune functions contribute to
coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) severity. We found that anti-S1 and anti-RBD
antibodies from hospitalized
COVID-19 patients elicited higher ADCD but lower ADCP compared to
antibodies from nonhospitalized
COVID-19 patients. Consistently, higher ADCD was associated with higher systemic
inflammation, whereas higher ADCP was associated with lower systemic
inflammation during
COVID-19. Our study points to qualitative, differential features of anti-SARS-CoV-2 specific
antibodies as potential contributors to
COVID-19 severity. Understanding these qualitative features of natural and
vaccine-induced
antibodies will be important in achieving optimal efficacy and safety of
SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and/or
COVID-19 therapeutics.IMPORTANCE A state of hyperinflammation and increased complement activation has been associated with
coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) severity. However, the pathophysiological mechanisms that contribute to this phenomenon remain mostly unknown. Our data point to a qualitative, rather than quantitative, difference in SARS-CoV-2-specific
antibodies' ability to elicit Fc-mediated innate immune functions as a potential contributor to
COVID-19 severity and associated
inflammation. These data highlight the need for further studies to understand these qualitative features and their potential contribution to
COVID-19 severity. This understanding could be essential to develop antibody-based
COVID-19 therapeutics and
SARS-CoV-2 vaccines with an optimal balance between efficacy and safety.