Background:
Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), heat shock protein-72 (HSP-72), hemeoxygenase-1 (HO-1), and
matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) have been identified as potential therapeutic targets in the brain for
cerebral ischemia. To elucidate their underlying mechanisms, we first aimed to ascertain whether these
proteins participate in the pathogenesis of heat-induced ischemic damage to the hypothalamus of rats. Second, we investigated whether hypobaric
hypoxia preconditioning (HHP) attenuates heat-induced hypothalamic ischemic/hypoxic injury by modulating these
proteins in situ. Methods: Anesthetized rats treated with or without HHP were subjected to heat stress. Hypothalamic ischemic/hypoxic damage was evaluated by measuring hypothalamic levels of cerebral blood flow (CBF), partial
oxygen pressure (PO2), and hypothalamic temperature via an implanted probe. Hypothalamic apoptotic neurons were counted by measuring the number of NeuN/
caspase-3/
DAPI triple-stained cells. Hypothalamic
protein expression of HIF-1α, HSP-72, HO-1, and MMP-9 was determined biochemically. Results: Before the start of the thermal experiments, rats were subjected to 5 hours of HHP (0.66 ATA or 18.3% O2) daily for 5 consecutive days per week for 2 weeks, which led to significant loss of
body weight, reduced brown adipose tissue (BAT) wet weight and decreased body temperature. The animals were then subjected to thermal studies. Twenty minutes after heat stress, heat-exposed rats not treated with HHP displayed significantly higher core and hypothalamic temperatures, hypothalamic MMP-9 levels, and numbers of hypothalamic apoptotic neurons but significantly lower mean blood pressure, hypothalamic blood flow, and PO2 values than control rats not exposed to heat. In heat-exposed rats, HHP significantly increased the hypothalamic levels of HIF-1α, HSP-72, and HO-1 but significantly alleviated body and hypothalamic
hyperthermia,
hypotension, hypothalamic
ischemia,
hypoxia, neuronal apoptosis and degeneration. Conclusions: HHP may protect against hypothalamic ischemic/hypoxic injury and overexpression of MMP-9 by upregulating the hypothalamic expression of HIF-1α, HSP-72, and HO-1 in rats subjected to
heatstroke.