Oxidative stress aggravates mitochondrial
injuries and accelerates the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), which are important mechanisms contributing to
vascular remodeling in
hypertension. We put forward the hypothesis that
Astaxanthin (ATX), known to possess strong features of
antioxidant, could attenuate
vascular remodeling by inhibiting VSMC proliferation and improving mitochondrial function. The potential effects of ATX were tested on spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) and cultured VSMCs that injured by
angiotensin II (Ang II). The results showed that ATX lowered blood pressure, reduced aortic wall thickness and
fibrosis, and decreased the level of
reactive oxygen species (ROS) and H2O2 in tunica media. Moreover, ATX decreased the expression of
proliferating cell nuclear antigen (
PCNA) and ki67 in aortic VSMCs. In vitro, ATX mitigated VSMC proliferation and migration, decreased the level of cellular ROS, and balanced the activities of ROS-related
enzymes including
NADPH oxidase,
xanthine oxidase, and
superoxide dismutase (SOD). Besides, ATX mitigated Ca2+ overload, the overproduction of mitochondrial ROS (mtROS),
mitochondrial dysfunction, mitochondrial fission, and Drp1 phosphorylation at Ser616. In addition, ATX enhanced mitophagy and mitochondrial biosynthesis by increasing the expression of PINK, parkin,
mtDNA,
mitochondrial transcription factor A (Tfam), and PGC-1α. The present study indicated that ATX could efficiently treat
vascular remodeling through restraining VSMC proliferation and restoring mitochondrial function. Inhibiting mitochondrial fission by decreasing the phosphorylation of Drp1 and stimulating mitochondrial autophagy and biosynthesis via increasing the expression of PINK, parkin, Tfam, and PGC-1α may be part of its underlying mechanisms.