Dourine is a lethal protozoan disease of equids, and it is caused by Trypanosoma equiperdum
infection via coitus. To date, treatment strategies against the
dourine are not recommended because of the frequent relapses; therefore, the World Organisation for Animal Health recommends the stamping-out policy for the control of
dourine. Our previous studies have revealed a number of horses with
dourine in Mongolia that is the fifth largest horse-breeding country. It is difficult to apply the stamping-out policy for cases of
dourine in Mongolia because of an inadequate livestock guarantee system. Therefore, the development of effective treatment measures is an urgent need. In this study, an 8-year-old stallion was definitely diagnosed with
dourine based on clinical signs, molecular analysis, and microscopic examination of trypanosomes. Combination
therapy with
diminazene aceturate and
quinapyramine sulfate was applied. Before the treatment, the characteristic clinical signs of
dourine were observed, and trypanosomes were detected in the urogenital tract mucosal swab samples by microscopic examination and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Moreover, positive serological results were obtained. After the treatment, we observed an improvement in the health of the treated horse and no trypanosome
infection in its urogenital tract by microscopic examination and PCR. Moreover, serological tests showed seronegative results. The horse has showed no relapse for at least 2.5 years after the treatment, and its reproductive ability has improved. Our result suggests that trypanosomes did not invade cerebrospinal fluid when we started the
therapy. In conclusion, the combination
therapy has therapeutic potential against
dourine at an early phase.