Evaluation of phototoxicity of tattoo pigments using the 3 T3 neutral red uptake phototoxicity test and a 3D human reconstructed skin model.

Abstract

Phototoxicity due to dermally impregnated compounds exposed to ultraviolet radiation is associated with skin inflammation. The phototoxicity potential of active substances applied to the skin should be evaluated. Pigments are widely used for tattoos, and hypersensitivity reactions, such as photoallergic dermatitis, are possible tattoo-related complications. However, the phototoxicity of these chemicals is not well known. In this study, we evaluated the phototoxicity potential of six tattoo pigments, cadmium sulfide, carbazole, cadmium selenide, mercury (II) sulfide, chromium oxide, and cobalt aluminate, using in vitro methods-3 T3 neutral red uptake (NRU) phototoxicity test (PT) and a 3D human reconstructed skin model (EpiDerm). The validated 3 T3 NRU PT indicated the phototoxicity potential of carbazole and cadmium sulfide. The 3D human skin model confirmed that only carbazole was phototoxic. The 3 T3 NRU PT data corresponded well with those from the 3D skin model and suggested the need to employ several test systems for final phototoxicity assessment. In addition to the results obtained using 3 T3 NRU PT, further testing on 3D skin models may better reflect the bioavailability of a given chemical in the skin.

• Authors: So Young Kim, Sowoon Seo, Ki Hwan Choi, Jaesuk Yun
• Journal: Toxicology in vitro : an international journal published in association with BIBRA (Toxicol In Vitro) Vol. 65 Pg. 104813 (Jun 2020) ISSN: 1879-3177 [Electronic] England
• PMID: 32119999 (Publication Type: Journal Article)
• Copyright: Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Chemical References

• Aluminum Compounds
• Cadmium Compounds
• Carbazoles
• Chromium Compounds
• Coloring Agents
• Mercury Compounds
• Selenium Compounds
• Sulfides
• cadmium sulfide
• carbazole
• Neutral Red
• Cobalt
• chromium dioxide
• cadmium selenide
• cinnabar

Topics

• Aluminum Compounds (toxicity)
• Animal Testing Alternatives
• Animals
• BALB 3T3 Cells
• Biological Assay
• Cadmium Compounds (toxicity)
• Carbazoles (toxicity)
• Chromium Compounds (toxicity)
• Cobalt (toxicity)
• Coloring Agents (toxicity)
• Dermatitis, Phototoxic
• Humans
• In Vitro Techniques
• Mercury Compounds (toxicity)
• Mice
• Neutral Red (metabolism)
• Selenium Compounds (toxicity)
• Skin (metabolism)
• Sulfides (toxicity)
• Tattooing (adverse effects)
• Ultraviolet Rays