Non-coding RNAs do not encode
proteins and regulate various oncological processes. They are also important potential
cancer diagnostic and prognostic
biomarkers. Bioinformatics and translation omics have begun to elucidate the roles and modes of action of the functional
peptides encoded by ncRNA. Here, recent advances in
long non-coding RNA (
lncRNA) and
circular RNA (
circRNA)-encoded small
peptides are compiled and synthesized. We introduce both the computational and analytical methods used to forecast prospective ncRNAs encoding oncologically functional
oligopeptides. We also present numerous specific
lncRNA and
circRNA-encoded
proteins and their
cancer-promoting or
cancer-inhibiting molecular mechanisms. This information may expedite the discovery, development, and optimization of novel and efficacious
cancer diagnostic, therapeutic, and prognostic
protein-based tools derived from non-coding RNAs. The role of ncRNA-encoding functional
peptides has promising application perspectives and potential challenges in
cancer research. The aim of this review is to provide a theoretical basis and relevant references, which may promote the discovery of more functional
peptides encoded by ncRNAs, and further develop novel anticancer therapeutic targets, as well as diagnostic and prognostic
cancer markers.