Adverse differences in cardiometabolic risk factor levels between individuals with pre-diabetes and normal glucose metabolism are more pronounced in women than in men: the Maastricht Study.

Abstract

Objective:

To investigate whether adverse differences in levels of cardiovascular risk factors in women than men, already established when comparing individuals with and without diabetes, are also present before type 2 diabetes onset.

Research design and methods:

In a population-based cohort study of individuals aged 40-75 years (n=3410; 49% women, 29% type 2 diabetes (oversampled by design)), we estimated associations with cardiometabolic and lifestyle risk factors of (1) pre-diabetes and type 2 diabetes (reference category: normal glucose metabolism) and (2) among non-diabetic individuals, of continuous levels of hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c). Age-adjusted sex differences were analyzed using linear and logistic regression models with sex interaction terms.

Results:

In pre-diabetes, adverse differences in cardiometabolic risk factors were greater in women than men for systolic blood pressure (difference, 3.02 mm Hg; 95% CI:-0.26 to 6.30), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (difference, -0.10 mmol/L; 95% CI: -0.18 to -0.02), total-to-HDL cholesterol ratio (difference, 0.22; 95% CI: -0.01 to 0.44), triglycerides (ratio: 1.11; 95% CI: 1.01 to 1.22), and inflammation markers Z-score (ratio: 1.18; 95% CI: 0.98 to 1.41). In type 2 diabetes, these sex differences were similar in direction, and of greater magnitude. Additionally, HbA1c among non-diabetic individuals was more strongly associated with several cardiometabolic risk factors in women than men: per one per cent point increase, systolic blood pressure (difference, 3.58 mm Hg; 95% CI: -0.03 to 7.19), diastolic blood pressure (difference, 2.10 mm Hg; 95% CI: -0.02 to 4.23), HDL cholesterol (difference, -0.09 mmol/L; 95% CI: -0.19 to 0.00), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (difference, 0.26 mmol/L; 95% CI: 0.05 to 0.47). With regard to lifestyle risk factors, no consistent pattern was observed.

Conclusion:

Our results are consistent with the concept that the more adverse changes in cardiometabolic risk factors in women (than men) arise as a continuous process before the onset of type 2 diabetes.

• Authors: Rianneke de Ritter, Simone J S Sep, Carla J H van der Kallen, Miranda T Schram, Annemarie Koster, Abraham A Kroon, Marleen M J van Greevenbroek, Simone J P M Eussen, Pieter C Dagnelie, Marit de Jong, Rimke C Vos, Mark Woodward, Michiel L Bots, Sanne A E Peters, Coen D A Stehouwer
• Journal: BMJ open diabetes research & care (BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care) Vol. 7 Issue 1 Pg. e000787 ( 2019) ISSN: 2052-4897 [Electronic] England
• PMID: 31798903 (Publication Type: Journal Article, Observational Study, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't)
• Copyright: © Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2019. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.

Chemical References

• Biomarkers
• Blood Glucose
• Cholesterol, HDL
• Cholesterol, LDL
• Glycated Hemoglobin A
• Triglycerides
• hemoglobin A1c protein, human

Topics

• Biomarkers (blood)
• Blood Glucose (analysis)
• Blood Pressure
• Body Mass Index
• Cardiovascular Diseases (blood, diagnosis, etiology)
• Case-Control Studies
• Cholesterol, HDL (blood)
• Cholesterol, LDL (blood)
• Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 (blood, complications)
• Female
• Follow-Up Studies
• Glycated Hemoglobin (analysis)
• Humans
• Life Style
• Male
• Middle Aged
• Prediabetic State (blood, complications)
• Prognosis
• Prospective Studies
• Risk Factors
• Sex Factors
• Triglycerides (blood)