Although the
Janus kinase (
JAK) inhibitor ruxolitinib has long been the only
drug licensed for treatment of the classic
Philadelphia chromosome negative (Ph-) myeloproliferative
neoplasms, years of
drug development efforts have begun to bear fruit with the recent approval of a novel monopegylated
interferon alfa-2b, ropeginterferon alfa, for patients with
polycythemia vera without symptomatic
splenomegaly in Europe. Several newer
JAK inhibitors (
fedratinib,
pacritinib,
momelotinib) have shown activity in phase 3 trials in patients with
myelofibrosis but have, for various reasons, not yet received regulatory approval; all these agents, however, remain in active clinical development. Many other agents with diverse mechanisms of action are being explored in clinical trials in patients with
myelofibrosis, both as single agents and in combination with
ruxolitinib. Besides
splenomegaly and symptoms, improvement of
anemia has become a new focus of
drug development in
myelofibrosis.
Ruxolitinib appears promising also in
chronic neutrophilic leukemia, where mutations in CSF3R are common.
Pemigatinib, a potent and selective inhibitor of
fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR), has shown impressive efficacy in a small registration-directed trial in patients with FGFR1-rearranged myeloid/lymphoid
neoplasms. Finally,
avapritinib, a highly potent and selective inhibitor of KITD816V, has demonstrated unprecedented response rates in patients with advanced
systemic mastocytosis.