The introduction of singular
therapies, such as
proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 inhibitors (PCSK9i), to lower
high cholesterol levels requires better classification of patients eligible for intensive
lipid lowering
therapy. According to the European Medicines Administration, PCSK9i are recommended in primary prevention only in
familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) patients. Therefore, an FH diagnosis is not simply an academic issue, because it has many clinical implications. The bases of a diagnosis of FH are not entirely clear. The availability of genetic testing, including large genome-wide association analyses and whole genome studies, has shown that some patients with a clinical diagnosis of definite FH have no mutations in the genes associated with the disease. This fact does not exclude the very high cardiovascular risk of these patients, and an early and intensive
lipid lowering
therapy is recommended in all FH patients. Because an FH diagnosis is a cornerstone for decisions about
therapies, a precise definition of FH is urgently required. This is an expert consensus document from the Spanish
Atherosclerosis Society. We propose the following classification:
familial hypercholesterolemia syndrome integrated by (1) heterozygous
familial hypercholesterolemia: patients with clinically definite FH and a functional mutation in one allele of the LDLR,
ApoB:100, and PCSK9 genes; (2)
homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia: mutations affect both alleles; (3) polygenic
familial hypercholesterolemia: patients with clinically definite FH but no mutations associated with FH are found (to be distinguished from non-familial, multifactorial
hypercholesterolemia); (4)
familial hypercholesterolemia combined with
hypertriglyceridemia: a subgroup of familial combined hyperlipidaemia patients fulfilling clinically definite FH with associated
hypertriglyceridemia.