Tardive dyskinesia is associated with altered putamen Akt/GSK-3β signaling in nonhuman primates.

Abstract

BACKGROUND:

Tardive dyskinesia is a delayed and potentially irreversible motor complication arising from chronic exposure to antipsychotic drugs. Interaction of antipsychotic drugs with G protein-coupled receptors triggers multiple intracellular events. Nevertheless, signaling pathways that might be associated with chronic unwanted effects of antipsychotic drugs remain elusive. In this study, we aimed to better understand kinase signaling associated with the expression of tardive dyskinesia in nonhuman primates.

METHODS:

We exposed capuchin monkeys to prolonged haloperidol (n = 10) or clozapine (n = 6) treatments. Untreated animals were used as controls (n = 6). Half of haloperidol-treated animals (5) developed mild tardive dyskinesia similar to that found in humans. Using Western blots and immunochemistry, we measured putamen total and phosphorylated protein kinase levels associated with canonical and noncanonical signaling cascades of G protein-coupled receptors.

RESULTS:

Antipsychotic drugs enhanced pDARPP-32 and pERK1/2, but no difference ws observed in phosphoprotein kinase levels between dyskinetic and nondyskinetic monkeys. On the other hand, comparison of kinase levels between haloperidol-treated dyskinetic and nondyskinetic monkeys indicated that dyskinetic animals had lower GRK6 and β-arrestin2 levels. Levels of pAkt and pGSK-3β were also reduced, but only haloperidol-treated monkeys that developed tardive dyskinesia had reduced pGSK-3β levels, whereas pAkt levels in dyskinetic animals positively correlated with dyskinetic scores. Interestingly, double immunofluorescence labeling showed that putamen dopamine D3 receptor levels were upregulated and that D3/pAkt colocalization was enriched in haloperidol-treated animals displaying tardive dyskinesia.

CONCLUSIONS:

Our results suggest that upregulation of putamen dopamine D3 receptor and alterations along the noncanonical GRK6/β-arrestin2/Akt/GSK-3β molecular cascade are associated with the development of tardive dyskinesia in nonhuman primates. © 2019 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.

• Authors: Giovanni Hernandez, Souha Mahmoudi, Michel Cyr, Jorge Diaz, Pierre J Blanchet, Daniel Lévesque
• Journal: Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society (Mov Disord) Vol. 34 Issue 5 Pg. 717-726 (05 2019) ISSN: 1531-8257 [Electronic] United States
• PMID: 30675935 (Publication Type: Journal Article, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't)
• Copyright: © 2019 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.

Chemical References

• Dopamine and cAMP-Regulated Phosphoprotein 32
• Receptors, Dopamine D3
• beta-Arrestin 2
• Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta
• Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt
• G-Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinases
• Clozapine
• Haloperidol

Topics

• Animals
• Cebus
• Clozapine (pharmacology)
• Dopamine and cAMP-Regulated Phosphoprotein 32 (drug effects, metabolism)
• G-Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinases (drug effects, metabolism)
• Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta (drug effects, metabolism)
• Haloperidol (pharmacology)
• MAP Kinase Signaling System (drug effects)
• Phosphorylation
• Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt (drug effects, metabolism)
• Putamen (drug effects, metabolism)
• Receptors, Dopamine D3 (drug effects, metabolism)
• Signal Transduction
• Tardive Dyskinesia (metabolism)
• beta-Arrestin 2 (drug effects, metabolism)